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2015, 12(5): 1055-1063. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.1055

## Ebola outbreak in West Africa: real-time estimation and multiple-wave prediction

 1 Department of Mathematics, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, United States, United States

Received  April 2015 Revised  May 2015 Published  June 2015

Based on the reported data until 18 March 2015 and numerical fitting via a simple formula of cumulative case number, we provide real-time estimation on basic reproduction number, inflection point, peak time and final outbreak size of ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa. From our simulation, we conclude that the first wave has passed its inflection point and predict that a second epidemic wave may appear in the near future.
Citation: Xiang-Sheng Wang, Luoyi Zhong. Ebola outbreak in West Africa: real-time estimation and multiple-wave prediction. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2015, 12 (5) : 1055-1063. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.1055
##### References:
 [1] C. L. Althaus, Estimating the Reproduction Number of Ebola Virus (EBOV) During the 2014 Outbreak in West Africa, PLOS Currents Outbreaks, 2014. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.91afb5e0f279e7f29e7056095255b288. [2] D. G. Bausch, J. S. Towner, S. F. Dowell, et al., Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 196 (2007), S142-147. doi: 10.1086/520545. [3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa - reported cases graphs, Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/cumulative-cases-graphs.html. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.) [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ebola virus disease (EVD) information for clinicians in U.S. healthcare settings, Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/preparing/clinicians.html. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.) [5] G. Chowell, L. Simonsen, C. Viboud and Y. Kuang, Is West Africa approaching a catastrophic phase or is the 2014 Ebola epidemic slowing down? Different models yield different answers for Liberia, PLOS Currents Outbreaks, (2014), 1-12. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.b4690859d91684da963dc40e00f3da81. [6] O. Diekmann, J. A. P. Heesterbeek and J. A. J. Metz, On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio $R_0$ in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations, Journal of Mathematical Biology, 28 (1990), 365-382. doi: 10.1007/BF00178324. [7] Y. H. Hsieh and Y. S. Cheng, Real-time forecast of multiphase outbreak, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12 (2006), 122-127. doi: 10.3201/eid1201.050396. [8] F. J. Richards, A flexible growth function for empirical use, Journal of Experimental Botany, 10 (1959), 290-301. doi: 10.1093/jxb/10.2.290. [9] P. van den Driessche and J. Watmough, Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission, Mathematical Biosciences, 180 (2002), 29-48. doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(02)00108-6. [10] X.-S. Wang, J. Wu and Y. Yang, Richards model revisited: Validation by and application to infection dynamics, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 313 (2012), 12-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.07.024. [11] World Health Organization, Ebola response roadmap situation report - 29 October 2014, Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137376/1/roadmapsitrep_29Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.) [12] World Health Organization, Situation reports with epidemiological data: Archive, Available from: http://apps.who.int/ebola/en/current-situation. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.)

show all references

##### References:
 [1] C. L. Althaus, Estimating the Reproduction Number of Ebola Virus (EBOV) During the 2014 Outbreak in West Africa, PLOS Currents Outbreaks, 2014. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.91afb5e0f279e7f29e7056095255b288. [2] D. G. Bausch, J. S. Towner, S. F. Dowell, et al., Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 196 (2007), S142-147. doi: 10.1086/520545. [3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa - reported cases graphs, Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/cumulative-cases-graphs.html. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.) [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ebola virus disease (EVD) information for clinicians in U.S. healthcare settings, Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/preparing/clinicians.html. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.) [5] G. Chowell, L. Simonsen, C. Viboud and Y. Kuang, Is West Africa approaching a catastrophic phase or is the 2014 Ebola epidemic slowing down? Different models yield different answers for Liberia, PLOS Currents Outbreaks, (2014), 1-12. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.b4690859d91684da963dc40e00f3da81. [6] O. Diekmann, J. A. P. Heesterbeek and J. A. J. Metz, On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio $R_0$ in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations, Journal of Mathematical Biology, 28 (1990), 365-382. doi: 10.1007/BF00178324. [7] Y. H. Hsieh and Y. S. Cheng, Real-time forecast of multiphase outbreak, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12 (2006), 122-127. doi: 10.3201/eid1201.050396. [8] F. J. Richards, A flexible growth function for empirical use, Journal of Experimental Botany, 10 (1959), 290-301. doi: 10.1093/jxb/10.2.290. [9] P. van den Driessche and J. Watmough, Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission, Mathematical Biosciences, 180 (2002), 29-48. doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(02)00108-6. [10] X.-S. Wang, J. Wu and Y. Yang, Richards model revisited: Validation by and application to infection dynamics, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 313 (2012), 12-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.07.024. [11] World Health Organization, Ebola response roadmap situation report - 29 October 2014, Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137376/1/roadmapsitrep_29Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.) [12] World Health Organization, Situation reports with epidemiological data: Archive, Available from: http://apps.who.int/ebola/en/current-situation. (Last accessed on 18 March 2015.)
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