An exact approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data: The case of HIV and HSV-2

David J. Gerberry

doi:10.3934/mbe.2018007

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February 2018, 15(1): 153-179. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2018007

An exact approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data: The case of HIV and HSV-2

David J. Gerberry

Department of Mathematics, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45207, USA

Received September 15, 2016 Accepted March 02, 2017 Published May 2017

When mathematical models of infectious diseases are used to inform health policy, an important first step is often to calibrate a model to disease surveillance data for a specific setting (or multiple settings). It is increasingly common to also perform sensitivity analyses to demonstrate the robustness, or lack thereof, of the modeling results. Doing so requires the modeler to find multiple parameter sets for which the model produces behavior that is consistent with the surveillance data. While frequently overlooked, the calibration process is nontrivial at best and can be inefficient, poorly communicated and a major hurdle to the overall reproducibility of modeling results.

In this work, we describe a general approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data. The technique is able to match surveillance data to high accuracy in a very efficient manner as it is based on the Newton-Raphson method for solving nonlinear systems. To demonstrate its robustness, we use the calibration technique on multiple models for the interacting dynamics of HIV and HSV-2.

Keywords: Mathematical modeling, calibration, model-fitting, HIV, HSV-2, surveillance data.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 92D30; Secondary: 92D25, 37N25, 37N30, 92C60.

Citation: David J. Gerberry. An exact approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data: The case of HIV and HSV-2. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2018, 15 (1) : 153-179. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2018007

References:

[1]	L. J. Abu-Raddad, A. S. Magaret, C. Celum, A. Wald, I. M. Longini, S. G. Self and L. Corey, Genital herpes has played a more important role than any other sexually transmitted infection in driving hiv prevalence in africa, PLoS ONE, 3 (2008), e2230.Google Scholar
[2]	B. Auvert, R. Ballard, C. Campbell, M. Caraël, M. Carton, G. Fehler, E. Gouws, C. MacPhail, D. Taljaard, J. V. Dam and B. Williams, Hiv infection among youth in a south african mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour, AIDS, 15 (2001), 885-898. Google Scholar
[3]	J. M. Baeten, D. Donnell, P. Ndase, N. R. Mugo, J. D. Campbell, J. Wangisi, J. W. Tappero, E. A. Bukusi, C. R. Cohen, E. Katabira, A. Ronald, E. Tumwesigye, E. Were, K. H. Fife, J. Kiarie, C. Farquhar, G. John-Stewart, A. Kakia, J. Odoyo, A. Mucunguzi, E. Nakku-Joloba, R. Twesigye, K. Ngure, C. Apaka, H. Tamooh, F. Gabona, A. Mujugira, D. Panteleeff, K. K. Thomas, L. Kidoguchi, M. Krows, J. Revall, S. Morrison, H. Haugen, M. Emmanuel-Ogier, L. Ondrejcek, R. W. Coombs, L. Frenkel, C. Hendrix, N. N. Bumpus, D. Bangsberg, J. E. Haberer, W. S. Stevens, J. R. Lingappa and C. Celum, Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 399-410. Google Scholar
[4]	R. V. Barnabas, E. L. Webb, H. A. Weiss and J. N. Wasserheit, The role of coinfections in HIV epidemic trajectory and positive prevention, AIDS, 25 (2011), 1559-1573. Google Scholar
[5]	M.-C. Boily, R. F. Baggaley, L. Wang, B. Masse, R. G. White, R. J. Hayes and M. Alary, Heterosexual risk of hiv-1 infection per sexual act: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Lancet Infect Dis, 9 (2009), 118–129, URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473-3099(09)70021-0.Google Scholar
[6]	R. Burden and J. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Cengage Learning, 2010.Google Scholar
[7]	Cohen, Chen, McCauley, Gamble, Hosseinipour, Kumarasamy, Hakim, Kumwenda, Grinsztejn, Pilotto, Godbole, Mehendale, Chariyalertsak, Santos, Mayer, Hoffman, Eshleman, Piwowar-Manning, Wang, Makhema, Mills, de Bruyn, Sanne, Eron, Gallant, Havlir, Swindells, Ribaudo, Elharrar, Burns, Taha, Nielsen-Saines, Celentano, Essex, Fleming and HPTN 052 Study Team, Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy., N Engl J Med, 365 (2011), 493-505. Google Scholar
[8]	M. Das, P. L. Chu, G. -M. Santos, S. Scheer, E. Vittinghoff, W. McFarland and G. N. Colfax, Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in san francisco, PLoS ONE, 5 (2010), e11068.Google Scholar
[9]	E. E. Freeman, H. A. Weiss, J. R. Glynn, P. L. Cross, J. A. Whitworth and R. J. Hayes, Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases hiv acquisition in men and women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, AIDS, 20 (2006), 73-83. Google Scholar
[10]	D. Gerberry, B. G. Wagner, J. G. García-Lerma, W. Heneine and S. Blower, Using geospatial modelling to optimize the rollout of antiretroviral-based pre-exposure HIV interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nature Communications, 5 (2014), 1-15. Google Scholar
[11]	R. M. Granich, C. F. Gilks, C. Dye, K. M. De Cock and B. G. Williams, Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: A mathematical model, Lancet, 373 (2009), 48-57. Google Scholar
[12]	R. H. Gray, M. J. Wawer, R. Brookmeyer, N. K. Sewankambo, D. Serwadda, F. Wabwire-Mangen, T. Lutalo, X. Li, T. vanCott, T. C. Quinn and R. P. Team, Probability of hiv-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, hiv-1-discordant couples in rakai, uganda, Lancet, 357 (2001), 1149-1153. Google Scholar
[13]	R. J. Hayes, K. F. Schulz and F. A. Plummer, The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of hiv transmission in sub-saharan africa, J Trop Med Hyg, 98 (1995), 1-8. Google Scholar
[14]	K. A. Powers, C. Poole, A. E. Pettifor and M. S. Cohen, Rethinking the heterosexual infectivity of hiv-1: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, 8 (2008), 553-563. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70156-7. Google Scholar
[15]	J. A. Røttingen, D. W. Cameron and G. P. Garnett, A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and hiv: How much really is known?, Sex Transm Dis, 28 (2001), 579-597. Google Scholar
[16]	J. S. Smith and N. J. Robinson, Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: A global review, J Infect Dis, 186 (2002), 3-28. Google Scholar
[17]	R. J. Smith and S. M. Blower, Could disease-modifying HIV vaccines cause population-level perversity?, Lancet Infect Dis, 4 (2004), 636-639. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01148-X. Google Scholar
[18]	The World Bank, World development indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data--catalog/world--development--indicators [Accessed: 25 Oct 2011], URL http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.Google Scholar
[19]	M. C. Thigpen, P. M. Kebaabetswe, L. A. Paxton, D. K. Smith, C. E. Rose, T. M. Segolodi, F. L. Henderson, S. R. Pathak, F. A. Soud, K. L. Chillag, R. Mutanhaurwa, L. I. Chirwa, M. Kasonde, D. Abebe, E. Buliva, R. J. Gvetadze, S. Johnson, T. Sukalac, V. T. Thomas, C. Hart, J. A. Johnson, C. K. Malotte, C. W. Hendrix and J. T. Brooks, Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in botswana, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 423-434. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1110711. Google Scholar
[20]	A. J. Vyse, N. J. Gay, M. J. Slomka, R. Gopal, T. Gibbs, P. Morgan-Capner and D. W. Brown, The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: Implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes., Sex Transm Infect, 76 (2000), 183-187. doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.183. Google Scholar
[21]	A. Wald and K. Link, Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis, J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), 45-52. doi: 10.1086/338231. Google Scholar
[22]	H. Weiss, Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world, Herpes, 11 (2004), 24A-35A. Google Scholar

show all references

References:

[1]	L. J. Abu-Raddad, A. S. Magaret, C. Celum, A. Wald, I. M. Longini, S. G. Self and L. Corey, Genital herpes has played a more important role than any other sexually transmitted infection in driving hiv prevalence in africa, PLoS ONE, 3 (2008), e2230.Google Scholar
[2]	B. Auvert, R. Ballard, C. Campbell, M. Caraël, M. Carton, G. Fehler, E. Gouws, C. MacPhail, D. Taljaard, J. V. Dam and B. Williams, Hiv infection among youth in a south african mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour, AIDS, 15 (2001), 885-898. Google Scholar
[3]	J. M. Baeten, D. Donnell, P. Ndase, N. R. Mugo, J. D. Campbell, J. Wangisi, J. W. Tappero, E. A. Bukusi, C. R. Cohen, E. Katabira, A. Ronald, E. Tumwesigye, E. Were, K. H. Fife, J. Kiarie, C. Farquhar, G. John-Stewart, A. Kakia, J. Odoyo, A. Mucunguzi, E. Nakku-Joloba, R. Twesigye, K. Ngure, C. Apaka, H. Tamooh, F. Gabona, A. Mujugira, D. Panteleeff, K. K. Thomas, L. Kidoguchi, M. Krows, J. Revall, S. Morrison, H. Haugen, M. Emmanuel-Ogier, L. Ondrejcek, R. W. Coombs, L. Frenkel, C. Hendrix, N. N. Bumpus, D. Bangsberg, J. E. Haberer, W. S. Stevens, J. R. Lingappa and C. Celum, Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 399-410. Google Scholar
[4]	R. V. Barnabas, E. L. Webb, H. A. Weiss and J. N. Wasserheit, The role of coinfections in HIV epidemic trajectory and positive prevention, AIDS, 25 (2011), 1559-1573. Google Scholar
[5]	M.-C. Boily, R. F. Baggaley, L. Wang, B. Masse, R. G. White, R. J. Hayes and M. Alary, Heterosexual risk of hiv-1 infection per sexual act: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Lancet Infect Dis, 9 (2009), 118–129, URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473-3099(09)70021-0.Google Scholar
[6]	R. Burden and J. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Cengage Learning, 2010.Google Scholar
[7]	Cohen, Chen, McCauley, Gamble, Hosseinipour, Kumarasamy, Hakim, Kumwenda, Grinsztejn, Pilotto, Godbole, Mehendale, Chariyalertsak, Santos, Mayer, Hoffman, Eshleman, Piwowar-Manning, Wang, Makhema, Mills, de Bruyn, Sanne, Eron, Gallant, Havlir, Swindells, Ribaudo, Elharrar, Burns, Taha, Nielsen-Saines, Celentano, Essex, Fleming and HPTN 052 Study Team, Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy., N Engl J Med, 365 (2011), 493-505. Google Scholar
[8]	M. Das, P. L. Chu, G. -M. Santos, S. Scheer, E. Vittinghoff, W. McFarland and G. N. Colfax, Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in san francisco, PLoS ONE, 5 (2010), e11068.Google Scholar
[9]	E. E. Freeman, H. A. Weiss, J. R. Glynn, P. L. Cross, J. A. Whitworth and R. J. Hayes, Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases hiv acquisition in men and women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, AIDS, 20 (2006), 73-83. Google Scholar
[10]	D. Gerberry, B. G. Wagner, J. G. García-Lerma, W. Heneine and S. Blower, Using geospatial modelling to optimize the rollout of antiretroviral-based pre-exposure HIV interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nature Communications, 5 (2014), 1-15. Google Scholar
[11]	R. M. Granich, C. F. Gilks, C. Dye, K. M. De Cock and B. G. Williams, Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: A mathematical model, Lancet, 373 (2009), 48-57. Google Scholar
[12]	R. H. Gray, M. J. Wawer, R. Brookmeyer, N. K. Sewankambo, D. Serwadda, F. Wabwire-Mangen, T. Lutalo, X. Li, T. vanCott, T. C. Quinn and R. P. Team, Probability of hiv-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, hiv-1-discordant couples in rakai, uganda, Lancet, 357 (2001), 1149-1153. Google Scholar
[13]	R. J. Hayes, K. F. Schulz and F. A. Plummer, The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of hiv transmission in sub-saharan africa, J Trop Med Hyg, 98 (1995), 1-8. Google Scholar
[14]	K. A. Powers, C. Poole, A. E. Pettifor and M. S. Cohen, Rethinking the heterosexual infectivity of hiv-1: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, 8 (2008), 553-563. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70156-7. Google Scholar
[15]	J. A. Røttingen, D. W. Cameron and G. P. Garnett, A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and hiv: How much really is known?, Sex Transm Dis, 28 (2001), 579-597. Google Scholar
[16]	J. S. Smith and N. J. Robinson, Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: A global review, J Infect Dis, 186 (2002), 3-28. Google Scholar
[17]	R. J. Smith and S. M. Blower, Could disease-modifying HIV vaccines cause population-level perversity?, Lancet Infect Dis, 4 (2004), 636-639. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01148-X. Google Scholar
[18]	The World Bank, World development indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data--catalog/world--development--indicators [Accessed: 25 Oct 2011], URL http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.Google Scholar
[19]	M. C. Thigpen, P. M. Kebaabetswe, L. A. Paxton, D. K. Smith, C. E. Rose, T. M. Segolodi, F. L. Henderson, S. R. Pathak, F. A. Soud, K. L. Chillag, R. Mutanhaurwa, L. I. Chirwa, M. Kasonde, D. Abebe, E. Buliva, R. J. Gvetadze, S. Johnson, T. Sukalac, V. T. Thomas, C. Hart, J. A. Johnson, C. K. Malotte, C. W. Hendrix and J. T. Brooks, Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in botswana, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 423-434. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1110711. Google Scholar
[20]	A. J. Vyse, N. J. Gay, M. J. Slomka, R. Gopal, T. Gibbs, P. Morgan-Capner and D. W. Brown, The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: Implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes., Sex Transm Infect, 76 (2000), 183-187. doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.183. Google Scholar
[21]	A. Wald and K. Link, Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis, J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), 45-52. doi: 10.1086/338231. Google Scholar
[22]	H. Weiss, Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world, Herpes, 11 (2004), 24A-35A. Google Scholar

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model. $N=S+H+A+C$

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Figure 2. Visual illustration of Newton's Method in 1-dimension for finding the solution of $f(x)=0$. As illustrated, the iteration $x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}$ results from finding the root of the tangent line at the current iteration $(x_n, f(x_n))$

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Figure 3. HIV prevalence in South Africa (% of population ages 15-49 infected with HIV) from 1990-2013. Data from the World Bank, World Development Indicators [18]

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Figure 4. Flow diagram of the modified Granich et al. HIV model. $I= I_1+I_2+I_3+I_4$, $N = S+I_1+I_2+I_3+I_4$ and $P = \frac{I}{N}$

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Figure 5. Illustration of population's behavioral response to HIV prevalence in the Granich et al. model via the transmission term $e^{-\alpha P^n}$. Notably, if $n=1$ sexual risk behavior decreases exponentially as a function of HIV prevalence. As $n \to \infty$, the decline in sexual risk behavior approaches a step function

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Figure 6. Flow diagram of the HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response. The rate of transmission for HIV is given by $\Omega = \lambda e^{-\alpha P^n} \frac{A+r_2 C}{N}$ where $A=A_1+A_2+A_3+A_4$ is the number of people infected with HIV only, $C= C_1+C_2+C_3+C_4$ is the number of coinfected individuals, $N = S+H+A+C$ is the size of the total population and $P = \frac{A+C}{N}$ is the prevalence of HIV. The rate of transmission for HSV-2 is given by $\Psi = \kappa e^{-\alpha P^n} \frac{H+r_3 C}{N}$

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Figure 7. Dynamics of HIV prevalence and HIV incidence of the first 12 calibrations: horizontal dashed blue line is sampled HIV prevalence at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}$), horizontal dashed red line is sampled peak HIV incidence ($\widehat{I}$) and horizontal dashed gray line is sampled HIV prevalence at the time of peak incidence ($\widehat{P}$). Calibration is successful if HIV prevalence (solid blue curve) approaches $\widehat{A}$ (dashed blue line) as $t \to \infty$; HIV incidence (solid red curve) peaks at $\widehat{I}$ (dashed red line); and HIV prevalence at time of peak incidence is $\widehat{P}$ (solid blue curve, horizontal dashed gray line and the dashed vertical gray line indicating time of peak incidence all intersect at the same point)

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Figure 8. Behavioral response to HIV prevalence via the transmission term ${e^{-\alpha P^n}}$ for the calibrations with largest $\alpha$ values and the prevalence/incidence curves for those calibrations. Note that the prevalence/incidence curves of Calibrations #4 and #10 are shown in Figure 7

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Table 1. Model parameters and calibration conditions for the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model. $^\dagger$ Values used in the high HIV burden example; South Africa. $^\ddagger$ Values used in the low HIV burden example; United Kingdom

	Symbol	Baseline	Range	References
Model Parameters
Average time in sexually active population (years)	${1}/{\mu}$	35	30-40
Recruitment rate into the sexually active population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{35}$	$\frac{1}{40}$-$\frac{1}{30}$
Diseased-induced mortality due to HIV infection (/yr)	${\mu_A}$	$\frac{1}{20}$$^\dagger$$, \frac{1}{100}$$^\ddagger$	$\frac{1}{100}$-$\frac{1}{20}$
Cofactor for increased HIV susceptibility due to HSV-2 infection	$r_1$	1.80	1.4-2.4	[9,21,13,1]
Cofactor for increased HIV infectivity due to HSV-2 infection	$r_2$	1.45	1.2-1.7	[1,12,17,4]
Cofactor for increased HSV-2 infectivity due to HIV infection	$r_3$	1.30	1.2-1.5	[1]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%)	$\widehat{A}$	17$^\dagger$, 0.3$^\ddagger$	0.3-17	[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%)	$\widehat{H}$	50$^\dagger$, 4$^\ddagger$	4-50	[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Transmission coefficient for HIV	$\beta$	determined by calibration procedure
Transmission coefficient for HSV-2	$\sigma$	determined by calibration procedure

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	Symbol	Baseline	Range	References
Model Parameters
Average time in sexually active population (years)	${1}/{\mu}$	35	30-40
Recruitment rate into the sexually active population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{35}$	$\frac{1}{40}$-$\frac{1}{30}$
Diseased-induced mortality due to HIV infection (/yr)	${\mu_A}$	$\frac{1}{20}$$^\dagger$$, \frac{1}{100}$$^\ddagger$	$\frac{1}{100}$-$\frac{1}{20}$
Cofactor for increased HIV susceptibility due to HSV-2 infection	$r_1$	1.80	1.4-2.4	[9,21,13,1]
Cofactor for increased HIV infectivity due to HSV-2 infection	$r_2$	1.45	1.2-1.7	[1,12,17,4]
Cofactor for increased HSV-2 infectivity due to HIV infection	$r_3$	1.30	1.2-1.5	[1]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%)	$\widehat{A}$	17$^\dagger$, 0.3$^\ddagger$	0.3-17	[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%)	$\widehat{H}$	50$^\dagger$, 4$^\ddagger$	4-50	[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Transmission coefficient for HIV	$\beta$	determined by calibration procedure
Transmission coefficient for HSV-2	$\sigma$	determined by calibration procedure

Table 2. Calibration of the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model for a high prevalence and low prevalence setting; South Africa and the United Kingdom, respectively. Note that $i=0$ the "0^th iteration" refers to our initial approximation to the solution of the calibration system (4)-(8). HIV and HSV-2 prevalence at the endemic equilibrium that results from using the $i$th approximations for $\beta$ and $\sigma$ are denoted $\widehat{A}_i$ and $\widehat{H}_i$, respectively. Precision is measured by average absolute value of the calibration system (4)-(8) evaluated at the current approximation (i.e. $\frac{||f(h_i, a_i, c_i, \sigma_i, \beta_i)||_1}{5})$. A stopping criteria of $\max\{|\beta_i-\beta_{i-1}|, |\sigma_i-\sigma_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is used for Newton's Method

$i$	$\beta_i$	$\sigma_i$	$\widehat{A}_i$	$\widehat{H}_i$	precision$_i$
South Africa (HIV prevalence 15%, HSV-2 prevalence 50%)
0	0.0367143341	0.0705450591	0.0000000447	0.5949903301	$3.10\times 10^{-3}$
1	0.0528598059	0.0770336930	0.1775025497	0.4988482844	$2.77\times 10^{-4}$
2	0.0522429752	0.0764216142	0.1700166525	0.5000125340	$1.44\times 10^{-6}$
3	0.0522423466	0.0764181115	0.1700000000	0.5000000000	$3.38\times 10^{-11}$
United Kingdom (HIV prevalence 0.3%, HSV-2 prevalence 4%)
0	0.0353517304	0.0297663650	0.0000221420	0.0401412229	$5.78\times 10^{-6}$
1	0.0359324850	0.0297727618	0.0033368789	0.0399611984	$1.86 \times 10^{-8}$
2	0.0359185167	0.0297727520	0.0030000000	0.0400000000	$1.10 \times 10^{-13}$

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$i$	$\beta_i$	$\sigma_i$	$\widehat{A}_i$	$\widehat{H}_i$	precision$_i$
South Africa (HIV prevalence 15%, HSV-2 prevalence 50%)
0	0.0367143341	0.0705450591	0.0000000447	0.5949903301	$3.10\times 10^{-3}$
1	0.0528598059	0.0770336930	0.1775025497	0.4988482844	$2.77\times 10^{-4}$
2	0.0522429752	0.0764216142	0.1700166525	0.5000125340	$1.44\times 10^{-6}$
3	0.0522423466	0.0764181115	0.1700000000	0.5000000000	$3.38\times 10^{-11}$
United Kingdom (HIV prevalence 0.3%, HSV-2 prevalence 4%)
0	0.0353517304	0.0297663650	0.0000221420	0.0401412229	$5.78\times 10^{-6}$
1	0.0359324850	0.0297727618	0.0033368789	0.0399611984	$1.86 \times 10^{-8}$
2	0.0359185167	0.0297727520	0.0030000000	0.0400000000	$1.10 \times 10^{-13}$

Table 3. Robustness of calibrating the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence at the endemic equilibrium. For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\beta^*, \sigma^*$) and the resulting disease prevalences at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{H}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $\max\{|\beta_i-\beta_{i-1}|, |\sigma_i-\sigma_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$

	Sampled parameter values and calibration conditions								Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\mu_A$	$r_1$	$r_2$	$r_3$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{H}$	$\beta^*$	$\sigma^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{H}^*$	$m$
1	0.026	0.028	0.037	1.98	1.65	1.24	0.088	0.276	0.043	0.045	0.088	0.276	4
2	0.033	0.027	0.015	2.39	1.23	1.22	0.146	0.164	0.039	0.035	0.146	0.164	4
3	0.028	0.027	0.022	1.55	1.25	1.23	0.007	0.340	0.037	0.042	0.007	0.340	3
4	0.025	0.032	0.042	2.39	1.52	1.50	0.025	0.275	0.043	0.046	0.025	0.275	3
5	0.025	0.028	0.016	2.24	1.33	1.36	0.145	0.291	0.034	0.042	0.145	0.291	4
6	0.032	0.027	0.021	2.01	1.51	1.28	0.123	0.294	0.034	0.042	0.123	0.294	4
7	0.031	0.033	0.033	1.89	1.57	1.41	0.065	0.290	0.043	0.049	0.065	0.290	4
8	0.031	0.030	0.020	1.67	1.67	1.48	0.110	0.330	0.034	0.046	0.110	0.330	4
9	0.027	0.028	0.030	2.19	1.29	1.45	0.016	0.409	0.033	0.048	0.016	0.409	3
10	0.029	0.028	0.029	1.84	1.67	1.47	0.170	0.134	0.054	0.038	0.170	0.134	4
11	0.025	0.030	0.035	1.66	1.40	1.47	0.147	0.477	0.046	0.066	0.147	0.477	4
12	0.032	0.028	0.022	1.56	1.24	1.37	0.143	0.176	0.050	0.037	0.143	0.176	4
13	0.026	0.028	0.040	1.59	1.54	1.38	0.026	0.419	0.041	0.050	0.026	0.419	3
14	0.027	0.028	0.048	2.14	1.41	1.33	0.025	0.152	0.059	0.036	0.025	0.152	3
15	0.031	0.027	0.044	1.69	1.47	1.43	0.121	0.312	0.055	0.048	0.121	0.312	4
16	0.029	0.033	0.045	1.43	1.42	1.44	0.162	0.354	0.067	0.061	0.162	0.354	4
17	0.028	0.029	0.033	1.54	1.31	1.48	0.118	0.234	0.056	0.042	0.118	0.234	4
18	0.028	0.029	0.012	1.59	1.58	1.32	0.027	0.377	0.026	0.047	0.027	0.377	3
19	0.026	0.029	0.029	1.87	1.24	1.37	0.074	0.315	0.044	0.045	0.074	0.315	4
20	0.033	0.031	0.021	2.39	1.41	1.49	0.145	0.127	0.047	0.037	0.145	0.127	4
21	0.030	0.031	0.017	1.60	1.38	1.39	0.024	0.054	0.046	0.033	0.024	0.054	3
22	0.025	0.032	0.010	1.46	1.46	1.30	0.098	0.412	0.031	0.055	0.098	0.412	4
23	0.029	0.028	0.046	1.64	1.59	1.30	0.150	0.256	0.060	0.049	0.150	0.256	4
24	0.031	0.026	0.044	2.16	1.57	1.50	0.040	0.360	0.038	0.044	0.040	0.360	4
25	0.028	0.030	0.022	2.05	1.54	1.24	0.132	0.093	0.051	0.038	0.132	0.093	4
26	0.033	0.027	0.019	1.64	1.54	1.35	0.140	0.384	0.033	0.048	0.140	0.384	4
27	0.033	0.028	0.025	2.12	1.23	1.43	0.125	0.488	0.034	0.058	0.125	0.488	4
28	0.026	0.030	0.024	2.06	1.20	1.46	0.050	0.497	0.033	0.062	0.050	0.497	3
29	0.028	0.032	0.021	2.35	1.65	1.26	0.117	0.419	0.027	0.059	0.117	0.419	4
30	0.032	0.027	0.014	2.15	1.45	1.40	0.007	0.336	0.023	0.041	0.007	0.336	3
31	0.029	0.028	0.021	2.30	1.32	1.24	0.007	0.416	0.026	0.048	0.007	0.416	3
32	0.031	0.032	0.028	1.98	1.46	1.34	0.143	0.166	0.054	0.044	0.143	0.166	4
33	0.025	0.030	0.012	2.31	1.67	1.36	0.160	0.044	0.045	0.032	0.160	0.044	4
34	0.027	0.025	0.018	1.66	1.25	1.24	0.122	0.099	0.045	0.031	0.122	0.099	3
35	0.029	0.032	0.024	2.00	1.36	1.38	0.141	0.197	0.049	0.044	0.141	0.197	4
36	0.029	0.031	0.012	2.01	1.20	1.45	0.006	0.367	0.027	0.049	0.006	0.367	3
37	0.026	0.028	0.047	2.07	1.60	1.37	0.155	0.070	0.076	0.041	0.155	0.070	4
38	0.032	0.027	0.027	1.84	1.60	1.42	0.161	0.397	0.036	0.051	0.161	0.397	4
39	0.033	0.032	0.043	1.88	1.32	1.38	0.021	0.412	0.047	0.055	0.021	0.412	3
40	0.026	0.033	0.037	1.83	1.66	1.34	0.022	0.390	0.038	0.055	0.022	0.390	3
41	0.033	0.032	0.035	1.86	1.24	1.26	0.073	0.049	0.068	0.038	0.073	0.049	3
42	0.027	0.026	0.031	2.14	1.37	1.33	0.113	0.069	0.057	0.033	0.113	0.069	3
43	0.033	0.027	0.022	1.95	1.41	1.28	0.126	0.217	0.041	0.039	0.126	0.217	4
44	0.030	0.026	0.014	2.34	1.39	1.22	0.119	0.317	0.027	0.041	0.119	0.317	4
45	0.029	0.028	0.021	2.06	1.38	1.22	0.048	0.480	0.026	0.055	0.048	0.480	4
46	0.026	0.027	0.031	1.77	1.67	1.25	0.143	0.439	0.036	0.057	0.143	0.439	4
47	0.029	0.032	0.031	2.09	1.23	1.40	0.030	0.337	0.042	0.050	0.030	0.337	3
48	0.028	0.029	0.025	1.67	1.22	1.35	0.160	0.303	0.049	0.047	0.160	0.303	4
49	0.033	0.033	0.040	1.83	1.62	1.47	0.041	0.375	0.042	0.055	0.041	0.375	4
50	0.029	0.030	0.045	2.23	1.22	1.39	0.044	0.101	0.067	0.037	0.044	0.101	3

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	Sampled parameter values and calibration conditions								Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\mu_A$	$r_1$	$r_2$	$r_3$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{H}$	$\beta^*$	$\sigma^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{H}^*$	$m$
1	0.026	0.028	0.037	1.98	1.65	1.24	0.088	0.276	0.043	0.045	0.088	0.276	4
2	0.033	0.027	0.015	2.39	1.23	1.22	0.146	0.164	0.039	0.035	0.146	0.164	4
3	0.028	0.027	0.022	1.55	1.25	1.23	0.007	0.340	0.037	0.042	0.007	0.340	3
4	0.025	0.032	0.042	2.39	1.52	1.50	0.025	0.275	0.043	0.046	0.025	0.275	3
5	0.025	0.028	0.016	2.24	1.33	1.36	0.145	0.291	0.034	0.042	0.145	0.291	4
6	0.032	0.027	0.021	2.01	1.51	1.28	0.123	0.294	0.034	0.042	0.123	0.294	4
7	0.031	0.033	0.033	1.89	1.57	1.41	0.065	0.290	0.043	0.049	0.065	0.290	4
8	0.031	0.030	0.020	1.67	1.67	1.48	0.110	0.330	0.034	0.046	0.110	0.330	4
9	0.027	0.028	0.030	2.19	1.29	1.45	0.016	0.409	0.033	0.048	0.016	0.409	3
10	0.029	0.028	0.029	1.84	1.67	1.47	0.170	0.134	0.054	0.038	0.170	0.134	4
11	0.025	0.030	0.035	1.66	1.40	1.47	0.147	0.477	0.046	0.066	0.147	0.477	4
12	0.032	0.028	0.022	1.56	1.24	1.37	0.143	0.176	0.050	0.037	0.143	0.176	4
13	0.026	0.028	0.040	1.59	1.54	1.38	0.026	0.419	0.041	0.050	0.026	0.419	3
14	0.027	0.028	0.048	2.14	1.41	1.33	0.025	0.152	0.059	0.036	0.025	0.152	3
15	0.031	0.027	0.044	1.69	1.47	1.43	0.121	0.312	0.055	0.048	0.121	0.312	4
16	0.029	0.033	0.045	1.43	1.42	1.44	0.162	0.354	0.067	0.061	0.162	0.354	4
17	0.028	0.029	0.033	1.54	1.31	1.48	0.118	0.234	0.056	0.042	0.118	0.234	4
18	0.028	0.029	0.012	1.59	1.58	1.32	0.027	0.377	0.026	0.047	0.027	0.377	3
19	0.026	0.029	0.029	1.87	1.24	1.37	0.074	0.315	0.044	0.045	0.074	0.315	4
20	0.033	0.031	0.021	2.39	1.41	1.49	0.145	0.127	0.047	0.037	0.145	0.127	4
21	0.030	0.031	0.017	1.60	1.38	1.39	0.024	0.054	0.046	0.033	0.024	0.054	3
22	0.025	0.032	0.010	1.46	1.46	1.30	0.098	0.412	0.031	0.055	0.098	0.412	4
23	0.029	0.028	0.046	1.64	1.59	1.30	0.150	0.256	0.060	0.049	0.150	0.256	4
24	0.031	0.026	0.044	2.16	1.57	1.50	0.040	0.360	0.038	0.044	0.040	0.360	4
25	0.028	0.030	0.022	2.05	1.54	1.24	0.132	0.093	0.051	0.038	0.132	0.093	4
26	0.033	0.027	0.019	1.64	1.54	1.35	0.140	0.384	0.033	0.048	0.140	0.384	4
27	0.033	0.028	0.025	2.12	1.23	1.43	0.125	0.488	0.034	0.058	0.125	0.488	4
28	0.026	0.030	0.024	2.06	1.20	1.46	0.050	0.497	0.033	0.062	0.050	0.497	3
29	0.028	0.032	0.021	2.35	1.65	1.26	0.117	0.419	0.027	0.059	0.117	0.419	4
30	0.032	0.027	0.014	2.15	1.45	1.40	0.007	0.336	0.023	0.041	0.007	0.336	3
31	0.029	0.028	0.021	2.30	1.32	1.24	0.007	0.416	0.026	0.048	0.007	0.416	3
32	0.031	0.032	0.028	1.98	1.46	1.34	0.143	0.166	0.054	0.044	0.143	0.166	4
33	0.025	0.030	0.012	2.31	1.67	1.36	0.160	0.044	0.045	0.032	0.160	0.044	4
34	0.027	0.025	0.018	1.66	1.25	1.24	0.122	0.099	0.045	0.031	0.122	0.099	3
35	0.029	0.032	0.024	2.00	1.36	1.38	0.141	0.197	0.049	0.044	0.141	0.197	4
36	0.029	0.031	0.012	2.01	1.20	1.45	0.006	0.367	0.027	0.049	0.006	0.367	3
37	0.026	0.028	0.047	2.07	1.60	1.37	0.155	0.070	0.076	0.041	0.155	0.070	4
38	0.032	0.027	0.027	1.84	1.60	1.42	0.161	0.397	0.036	0.051	0.161	0.397	4
39	0.033	0.032	0.043	1.88	1.32	1.38	0.021	0.412	0.047	0.055	0.021	0.412	3
40	0.026	0.033	0.037	1.83	1.66	1.34	0.022	0.390	0.038	0.055	0.022	0.390	3
41	0.033	0.032	0.035	1.86	1.24	1.26	0.073	0.049	0.068	0.038	0.073	0.049	3
42	0.027	0.026	0.031	2.14	1.37	1.33	0.113	0.069	0.057	0.033	0.113	0.069	3
43	0.033	0.027	0.022	1.95	1.41	1.28	0.126	0.217	0.041	0.039	0.126	0.217	4
44	0.030	0.026	0.014	2.34	1.39	1.22	0.119	0.317	0.027	0.041	0.119	0.317	4
45	0.029	0.028	0.021	2.06	1.38	1.22	0.048	0.480	0.026	0.055	0.048	0.480	4
46	0.026	0.027	0.031	1.77	1.67	1.25	0.143	0.439	0.036	0.057	0.143	0.439	4
47	0.029	0.032	0.031	2.09	1.23	1.40	0.030	0.337	0.042	0.050	0.030	0.337	3
48	0.028	0.029	0.025	1.67	1.22	1.35	0.160	0.303	0.049	0.047	0.160	0.303	4
49	0.033	0.033	0.040	1.83	1.62	1.47	0.041	0.375	0.042	0.055	0.041	0.375	4
50	0.029	0.030	0.045	2.23	1.22	1.39	0.044	0.101	0.067	0.037	0.044	0.101	3

Table 4a. Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the Granich et al. model with behavioral response to HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium. $^\dagger$Baseline value taken from [11]; range is modeling assumption of this work. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV, without loss of generality

	Symbol	Baseline	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	0.018	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]$^\dagger$
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	0.018	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Location of transmission term	$\alpha$	0.055	0.05-50	[11]$^\dagger$
Shape of transmission term	$n$	0.996	0.90-30	[11]$^\dagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.303	0.1-0.4	[11]$^\dagger$
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{A}$	0.17	0.3-17	[18]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure

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	Symbol	Baseline	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	0.018	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]$^\dagger$
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	0.018	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Location of transmission term	$\alpha$	0.055	0.05-50	[11]$^\dagger$
Shape of transmission term	$n$	0.996	0.90-30	[11]$^\dagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.303	0.1-0.4	[11]$^\dagger$
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{A}$	0.17	0.3-17	[18]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure

Table 4b. Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence. (b) Results of calibrating the Granich et al. model to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions (randomly sampled from ranges above). For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameter ($\lambda^*$) and the resulting HIV prevalence at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}| < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$

	Sampled parameters and calibration condition					Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\alpha$	$n$	$\widehat{A}$	$\lambda^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$m$
1	0.018	0.021	34.3	29.1	0.115	0.104	0.115	2
2	0.028	0.024	31.7	14.6	0.019	0.065	0.019	2
3	0.022	0.025	5.8	4.9	0.126	0.066	0.126	2
4	0.021	0.019	30.2	6.1	0.142	0.044	0.142	2
5	0.028	0.017	35.9	5.7	0.006	0.097	0.006	2
6	0.026	0.028	8.7	22.0	0.015	0.049	0.015	2
7	0.031	0.018	6.0	27.3	0.061	0.087	0.061	2
8	0.030	0.019	29.9	17.2	0.014	0.077	0.014	2
9	0.024	0.026	32.4	6.3	0.073	0.078	0.073	2
10	0.022	0.022	47.6	18.5	0.125	0.098	0.125	2
11	0.022	0.030	25.0	19.3	0.160	0.124	0.160	2
12	0.023	0.030	49.1	10.6	0.114	0.059	0.114	2
13	0.032	0.017	17.4	14.4	0.061	0.041	0.061	2
14	0.025	0.030	9.0	3.0	0.140	0.063	0.140	2
15	0.020	0.022	8.3	14.9	0.093	0.126	0.093	2
16	0.024	0.028	24.0	23.0	0.060	0.077	0.060	2
17	0.029	0.032	8.0	24.5	0.023	0.108	0.023	2
18	0.025	0.025	25.3	15.1	0.119	0.109	0.119	2
19	0.018	0.031	18.8	29.1	0.126	0.084	0.126	2
20	0.031	0.026	41.9	24.7	0.075	0.107	0.075	2
21	0.027	0.018	22.6	18.3	0.131	0.102	0.131	2
22	0.027	0.019	23.9	12.6	0.106	0.094	0.106	2
23	0.031	0.026	28.6	10.0	0.086	0.095	0.086	2
24	0.019	0.027	45.3	6.9	0.067	0.075	0.067	2
25	0.025	0.033	42.0	7.9	0.040	0.102	0.040	2
26	0.020	0.027	36.7	21.5	0.112	0.085	0.112	2
27	0.020	0.020	24.4	7.2	0.088	0.049	0.088	2
28	0.021	0.026	49.6	25.3	0.154	0.123	0.154	2
29	0.030	0.026	9.8	12.5	0.100	0.072	0.100	2
30	0.021	0.019	2.4	22.5	0.058	0.106	0.058	2
31	0.022	0.026	4.6	23.2	0.098	0.101	0.098	2
32	0.026	0.022	46.7	17.7	0.108	0.090	0.108	2
33	0.029	0.024	5.8	9.6	0.120	0.125	0.120	2
34	0.023	0.030	9.5	17.1	0.027	0.087	0.027	2
35	0.025	0.024	0.7	23.5	0.111	0.117	0.111	2
36	0.021	0.030	16.0	21.0	0.023	0.101	0.023	2
37	0.027	0.018	29.4	6.3	0.165	0.123	0.165	2
38	0.025	0.033	48.2	6.1	0.071	0.096	0.071	2
39	0.027	0.030	12.0	22.4	0.057	0.071	0.057	2
40	0.025	0.033	43.6	4.3	0.017	0.059	0.017	2
41	0.031	0.031	1.7	13.0	0.151	0.075	0.151	2
42	0.031	0.031	26.1	11.1	0.041	0.077	0.041	2
43	0.022	0.024	39.9	16.9	0.100	0.100	0.100	2
44	0.029	0.022	17.7	13.2	0.103	0.061	0.103	2
45	0.023	0.024	6.7	21.4	0.158	0.117	0.158	2
46	0.028	0.023	4.2	10.5	0.082	0.051	0.082	2
47	0.023	0.031	13.1	18.4	0.022	0.084	0.022	2
48	0.031	0.022	46.3	28.3	0.058	0.118	0.058	2
49	0.020	0.025	42.7	27.7	0.077	0.112	0.077	2
50	0.024	0.030	46.1	2.2	0.082	0.085	0.082	2

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	Sampled parameters and calibration condition					Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\alpha$	$n$	$\widehat{A}$	$\lambda^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$m$
1	0.018	0.021	34.3	29.1	0.115	0.104	0.115	2
2	0.028	0.024	31.7	14.6	0.019	0.065	0.019	2
3	0.022	0.025	5.8	4.9	0.126	0.066	0.126	2
4	0.021	0.019	30.2	6.1	0.142	0.044	0.142	2
5	0.028	0.017	35.9	5.7	0.006	0.097	0.006	2
6	0.026	0.028	8.7	22.0	0.015	0.049	0.015	2
7	0.031	0.018	6.0	27.3	0.061	0.087	0.061	2
8	0.030	0.019	29.9	17.2	0.014	0.077	0.014	2
9	0.024	0.026	32.4	6.3	0.073	0.078	0.073	2
10	0.022	0.022	47.6	18.5	0.125	0.098	0.125	2
11	0.022	0.030	25.0	19.3	0.160	0.124	0.160	2
12	0.023	0.030	49.1	10.6	0.114	0.059	0.114	2
13	0.032	0.017	17.4	14.4	0.061	0.041	0.061	2
14	0.025	0.030	9.0	3.0	0.140	0.063	0.140	2
15	0.020	0.022	8.3	14.9	0.093	0.126	0.093	2
16	0.024	0.028	24.0	23.0	0.060	0.077	0.060	2
17	0.029	0.032	8.0	24.5	0.023	0.108	0.023	2
18	0.025	0.025	25.3	15.1	0.119	0.109	0.119	2
19	0.018	0.031	18.8	29.1	0.126	0.084	0.126	2
20	0.031	0.026	41.9	24.7	0.075	0.107	0.075	2
21	0.027	0.018	22.6	18.3	0.131	0.102	0.131	2
22	0.027	0.019	23.9	12.6	0.106	0.094	0.106	2
23	0.031	0.026	28.6	10.0	0.086	0.095	0.086	2
24	0.019	0.027	45.3	6.9	0.067	0.075	0.067	2
25	0.025	0.033	42.0	7.9	0.040	0.102	0.040	2
26	0.020	0.027	36.7	21.5	0.112	0.085	0.112	2
27	0.020	0.020	24.4	7.2	0.088	0.049	0.088	2
28	0.021	0.026	49.6	25.3	0.154	0.123	0.154	2
29	0.030	0.026	9.8	12.5	0.100	0.072	0.100	2
30	0.021	0.019	2.4	22.5	0.058	0.106	0.058	2
31	0.022	0.026	4.6	23.2	0.098	0.101	0.098	2
32	0.026	0.022	46.7	17.7	0.108	0.090	0.108	2
33	0.029	0.024	5.8	9.6	0.120	0.125	0.120	2
34	0.023	0.030	9.5	17.1	0.027	0.087	0.027	2
35	0.025	0.024	0.7	23.5	0.111	0.117	0.111	2
36	0.021	0.030	16.0	21.0	0.023	0.101	0.023	2
37	0.027	0.018	29.4	6.3	0.165	0.123	0.165	2
38	0.025	0.033	48.2	6.1	0.071	0.096	0.071	2
39	0.027	0.030	12.0	22.4	0.057	0.071	0.057	2
40	0.025	0.033	43.6	4.3	0.017	0.059	0.017	2
41	0.031	0.031	1.7	13.0	0.151	0.075	0.151	2
42	0.031	0.031	26.1	11.1	0.041	0.077	0.041	2
43	0.022	0.024	39.9	16.9	0.100	0.100	0.100	2
44	0.029	0.022	17.7	13.2	0.103	0.061	0.103	2
45	0.023	0.024	6.7	21.4	0.158	0.117	0.158	2
46	0.028	0.023	4.2	10.5	0.082	0.051	0.082	2
47	0.023	0.031	13.1	18.4	0.022	0.084	0.022	2
48	0.031	0.022	46.3	28.3	0.058	0.118	0.058	2
49	0.020	0.025	42.7	27.7	0.077	0.112	0.077	2
50	0.024	0.030	46.1	2.2	0.082	0.085	0.082	2

Table 5a. Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV, without loss of generality

	Symbol	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Location of HIV transmission term	$\alpha$	0.05-50	[11]
Shape of HIV transmission term	$n$	0.90-30	[11]
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.1-0.4	[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)	$\widehat{A}$	0.3-17	[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)	$\widehat{H}$	4-50	[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)	$\kappa$	determined by calibration procedure

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	Symbol	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Location of HIV transmission term	$\alpha$	0.05-50	[11]
Shape of HIV transmission term	$n$	0.90-30	[11]
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.1-0.4	[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)	$\widehat{A}$	0.3-17	[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)	$\widehat{H}$	4-50	[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)	$\kappa$	determined by calibration procedure

Table 5b. Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence.(b) Results of calibrating the HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions (randomly sampled from ranges above).For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\lambda^*, \kappa^*$) and the resulting diseases prevalences at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{H}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\kappa_i-\kappa_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$

	Sampled parameters and calibration condition							Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\rho$	$\alpha$	$n$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{H} $	$\lambda^*$	$\kappa^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{H}^*$	$m$
1	0.033	0.030	0.136	25.388	7.775	0.100	0.429	0.040	0.057	0.100	0.429	4
2	0.026	0.025	0.294	25.452	10.004	0.061	0.433	0.057	0.053	0.061	0.433	4
3	0.022	0.032	0.268	9.053	18.416	0.065	0.333	0.066	0.055	0.065	0.333	4
4	0.027	0.022	0.159	30.943	15.777	0.107	0.286	0.042	0.038	0.107	0.286	4
5	0.020	0.032	0.184	35.273	19.612	0.025	0.484	0.033	0.063	0.025	0.484	4
6	0.019	0.017	0.363	46.871	29.933	0.081	0.050	0.105	0.029	0.081	0.050	4
7	0.021	0.026	0.164	35.976	10.444	0.050	0.437	0.034	0.050	0.050	0.437	4
8	0.017	0.023	0.149	45.299	27.869	0.013	0.349	0.031	0.035	0.013	0.349	4
9	0.018	0.022	0.122	2.960	2.103	0.161	0.067	0.050	0.031	0.161	0.067	4
10	0.020	0.025	0.210	47.955	15.737	0.099	0.044	0.072	0.034	0.099	0.044	4
11	0.018	0.021	0.120	22.432	23.321	0.114	0.424	0.028	0.042	0.114	0.424	4
12	0.032	0.023	0.155	27.625	4.781	0.107	0.234	0.044	0.037	0.107	0.234	4
13	0.029	0.027	0.324	36.150	6.654	0.087	0.303	0.063	0.051	0.087	0.303	4
14	0.018	0.020	0.144	29.338	26.770	0.008	0.357	0.027	0.032	0.008	0.357	4
15	0.019	0.032	0.377	42.820	16.166	0.168	0.403	0.084	0.086	0.168	0.403	4
16	0.028	0.017	0.126	15.874	24.707	0.160	0.237	0.041	0.030	0.160	0.237	4
17	0.021	0.024	0.275	14.494	1.718	0.097	0.111	0.111	0.047	0.097	0.111	4
18	0.032	0.026	0.254	14.086	11.617	0.085	0.231	0.053	0.044	0.085	0.231	4
19	0.020	0.030	0.300	18.883	1.811	0.022	0.358	0.054	0.051	0.022	0.358	4
20	0.024	0.024	0.274	5.479	9.004	0.161	0.068	0.091	0.043	0.161	0.068	4
21	0.033	0.024	0.149	26.541	10.778	0.003	0.325	0.032	0.035	0.003	0.325	4
22	0.024	0.031	0.173	0.848	2.736	0.019	0.206	0.050	0.040	0.019	0.206	4
23	0.017	0.020	0.147	35.029	14.683	0.102	0.117	0.046	0.028	0.102	0.117	4
24	0.026	0.030	0.121	23.521	10.510	0.114	0.340	0.036	0.049	0.114	0.340	4
25	0.029	0.030	0.169	35.260	8.151	0.122	0.496	0.035	0.070	0.122	0.496	4
26	0.028	0.031	0.357	19.775	5.288	0.086	0.101	0.094	0.049	0.086	0.101	4
27	0.019	0.030	0.312	8.664	27.919	0.126	0.219	0.080	0.055	0.126	0.219	4
28	0.024	0.021	0.357	4.805	29.623	0.009	0.469	0.056	0.041	0.009	0.469	4
29	0.030	0.020	0.259	32.938	28.889	0.099	0.436	0.052	0.049	0.099	0.436	4
30	0.018	0.017	0.182	4.482	2.045	0.027	0.288	0.041	0.026	0.027	0.288	4
31	0.028	0.026	0.164	26.525	25.949	0.117	0.084	0.058	0.035	0.117	0.084	4
32	0.023	0.020	0.372	39.113	5.546	0.136	0.443	0.075	0.064	0.136	0.443	4
33	0.032	0.022	0.353	1.944	19.318	0.082	0.353	0.084	0.047	0.082	0.353	4
34	0.029	0.031	0.110	2.429	4.162	0.059	0.432	0.026	0.056	0.059	0.432	4
35	0.027	0.024	0.165	47.290	21.058	0.041	0.089	0.051	0.029	0.041	0.089	4
36	0.025	0.022	0.348	17.164	26.863	0.063	0.455	0.076	0.052	0.063	0.455	4
37	0.017	0.024	0.361	9.553	7.454	0.027	0.054	0.103	0.029	0.027	0.054	3
38	0.027	0.022	0.222	46.392	21.362	0.167	0.320	0.051	0.051	0.167	0.320	4
39	0.028	0.018	0.247	21.006	7.505	0.115	0.465	0.046	0.048	0.115	0.465	4
40	0.018	0.026	0.143	34.607	19.392	0.022	0.103	0.046	0.030	0.022	0.103	4
41	0.021	0.033	0.203	46.859	24.756	0.139	0.184	0.068	0.049	0.139	0.184	4
42	0.028	0.021	0.251	22.415	11.566	0.026	0.043	0.072	0.025	0.026	0.043	4
43	0.021	0.020	0.390	14.424	26.982	0.078	0.408	0.079	0.049	0.078	0.408	4
44	0.018	0.017	0.113	4.843	4.594	0.037	0.277	0.028	0.026	0.037	0.277	4
45	0.020	0.028	0.376	2.375	17.141	0.054	0.302	0.083	0.048	0.054	0.302	4
46	0.029	0.023	0.125	2.299	25.985	0.052	0.456	0.024	0.044	0.052	0.456	4
47	0.028	0.033	0.353	34.218	7.959	0.010	0.207	0.081	0.042	0.010	0.207	4
48	0.018	0.033	0.222	38.289	27.674	0.134	0.430	0.046	0.072	0.134	0.430	4
49	0.030	0.022	0.272	25.403	9.279	0.021	0.315	0.054	0.035	0.021	0.315	4
50	0.023	0.030	0.119	2.163	27.532	0.135	0.126	0.051	0.037	0.135	0.126	4

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	Sampled parameters and calibration condition							Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\rho$	$\alpha$	$n$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{H} $	$\lambda^*$	$\kappa^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{H}^*$	$m$
1	0.033	0.030	0.136	25.388	7.775	0.100	0.429	0.040	0.057	0.100	0.429	4
2	0.026	0.025	0.294	25.452	10.004	0.061	0.433	0.057	0.053	0.061	0.433	4
3	0.022	0.032	0.268	9.053	18.416	0.065	0.333	0.066	0.055	0.065	0.333	4
4	0.027	0.022	0.159	30.943	15.777	0.107	0.286	0.042	0.038	0.107	0.286	4
5	0.020	0.032	0.184	35.273	19.612	0.025	0.484	0.033	0.063	0.025	0.484	4
6	0.019	0.017	0.363	46.871	29.933	0.081	0.050	0.105	0.029	0.081	0.050	4
7	0.021	0.026	0.164	35.976	10.444	0.050	0.437	0.034	0.050	0.050	0.437	4
8	0.017	0.023	0.149	45.299	27.869	0.013	0.349	0.031	0.035	0.013	0.349	4
9	0.018	0.022	0.122	2.960	2.103	0.161	0.067	0.050	0.031	0.161	0.067	4
10	0.020	0.025	0.210	47.955	15.737	0.099	0.044	0.072	0.034	0.099	0.044	4
11	0.018	0.021	0.120	22.432	23.321	0.114	0.424	0.028	0.042	0.114	0.424	4
12	0.032	0.023	0.155	27.625	4.781	0.107	0.234	0.044	0.037	0.107	0.234	4
13	0.029	0.027	0.324	36.150	6.654	0.087	0.303	0.063	0.051	0.087	0.303	4
14	0.018	0.020	0.144	29.338	26.770	0.008	0.357	0.027	0.032	0.008	0.357	4
15	0.019	0.032	0.377	42.820	16.166	0.168	0.403	0.084	0.086	0.168	0.403	4
16	0.028	0.017	0.126	15.874	24.707	0.160	0.237	0.041	0.030	0.160	0.237	4
17	0.021	0.024	0.275	14.494	1.718	0.097	0.111	0.111	0.047	0.097	0.111	4
18	0.032	0.026	0.254	14.086	11.617	0.085	0.231	0.053	0.044	0.085	0.231	4
19	0.020	0.030	0.300	18.883	1.811	0.022	0.358	0.054	0.051	0.022	0.358	4
20	0.024	0.024	0.274	5.479	9.004	0.161	0.068	0.091	0.043	0.161	0.068	4
21	0.033	0.024	0.149	26.541	10.778	0.003	0.325	0.032	0.035	0.003	0.325	4
22	0.024	0.031	0.173	0.848	2.736	0.019	0.206	0.050	0.040	0.019	0.206	4
23	0.017	0.020	0.147	35.029	14.683	0.102	0.117	0.046	0.028	0.102	0.117	4
24	0.026	0.030	0.121	23.521	10.510	0.114	0.340	0.036	0.049	0.114	0.340	4
25	0.029	0.030	0.169	35.260	8.151	0.122	0.496	0.035	0.070	0.122	0.496	4
26	0.028	0.031	0.357	19.775	5.288	0.086	0.101	0.094	0.049	0.086	0.101	4
27	0.019	0.030	0.312	8.664	27.919	0.126	0.219	0.080	0.055	0.126	0.219	4
28	0.024	0.021	0.357	4.805	29.623	0.009	0.469	0.056	0.041	0.009	0.469	4
29	0.030	0.020	0.259	32.938	28.889	0.099	0.436	0.052	0.049	0.099	0.436	4
30	0.018	0.017	0.182	4.482	2.045	0.027	0.288	0.041	0.026	0.027	0.288	4
31	0.028	0.026	0.164	26.525	25.949	0.117	0.084	0.058	0.035	0.117	0.084	4
32	0.023	0.020	0.372	39.113	5.546	0.136	0.443	0.075	0.064	0.136	0.443	4
33	0.032	0.022	0.353	1.944	19.318	0.082	0.353	0.084	0.047	0.082	0.353	4
34	0.029	0.031	0.110	2.429	4.162	0.059	0.432	0.026	0.056	0.059	0.432	4
35	0.027	0.024	0.165	47.290	21.058	0.041	0.089	0.051	0.029	0.041	0.089	4
36	0.025	0.022	0.348	17.164	26.863	0.063	0.455	0.076	0.052	0.063	0.455	4
37	0.017	0.024	0.361	9.553	7.454	0.027	0.054	0.103	0.029	0.027	0.054	3
38	0.027	0.022	0.222	46.392	21.362	0.167	0.320	0.051	0.051	0.167	0.320	4
39	0.028	0.018	0.247	21.006	7.505	0.115	0.465	0.046	0.048	0.115	0.465	4
40	0.018	0.026	0.143	34.607	19.392	0.022	0.103	0.046	0.030	0.022	0.103	4
41	0.021	0.033	0.203	46.859	24.756	0.139	0.184	0.068	0.049	0.139	0.184	4
42	0.028	0.021	0.251	22.415	11.566	0.026	0.043	0.072	0.025	0.026	0.043	4
43	0.021	0.020	0.390	14.424	26.982	0.078	0.408	0.079	0.049	0.078	0.408	4
44	0.018	0.017	0.113	4.843	4.594	0.037	0.277	0.028	0.026	0.037	0.277	4
45	0.020	0.028	0.376	2.375	17.141	0.054	0.302	0.083	0.048	0.054	0.302	4
46	0.029	0.023	0.125	2.299	25.985	0.052	0.456	0.024	0.044	0.052	0.456	4
47	0.028	0.033	0.353	34.218	7.959	0.010	0.207	0.081	0.042	0.010	0.207	4
48	0.018	0.033	0.222	38.289	27.674	0.134	0.430	0.046	0.072	0.134	0.430	4
49	0.030	0.022	0.272	25.403	9.279	0.021	0.315	0.054	0.035	0.021	0.315	4
50	0.023	0.030	0.119	2.163	27.532	0.135	0.126	0.051	0.037	0.135	0.126	4

Table 6a. Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV, without loss of generality

	Symbol	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.1-0.4	[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{A}$	0.3-17	[18]
Peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{I}$	10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{P}$	5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term	$\alpha$	determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term	$n$	determined by calibration procedure

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	Symbol	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.1-0.4	[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{A}$	0.3-17	[18]
Peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{I}$	10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{P}$	5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term	$\alpha$	determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term	$n$	determined by calibration procedure

Table 6b. Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (b) Results of calibrating the Granich et al. model to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions (randomly sampled from ranges above). For each sample, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\lambda^*, \alpha^*, n^*$) and the resulting calibration values ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{I}^*, \widehat{P}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\alpha_i-\alpha_{i-1}|, |n_i-n_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$

	Sampled parameters and calibration condition						Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\rho$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{I}$	$\widehat{P}$	$\lambda^*$	$\alpha^*$	$n^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{I}^*$	$\widehat{P}^*$	${m}$
1	0.031	0.028	0.306	0.095	0.016	0.011	224.91	1.22212E+01	0.2	0.095	0.016	0.011	2
2	0.017	0.027	0.115	0.054	0.017	0.036	0.54	2.80696E+09	7.2	0.054	0.017	0.036	2
3	0.031	0.022	0.171	0.015	0.007	0.006	1.82	2.22785E+04	2.1	0.015	0.007	0.006	2
4	0.024	0.026	0.372	0.023	0.009	0.020	0.46	1.09674E+42	25.5	0.023	0.009	0.020	3
5	0.032	0.032	0.192	0.168	0.066	0.151	0.52	1.91294E+33	42.7	0.168	0.066	0.152	3
6	0.022	0.023	0.102	0.120	0.044	0.105	0.48	1.30078E+32	34.4	0.120	0.044	0.104	3
7	0.031	0.018	0.307	0.093	0.013	0.021	15.58	1.04219E+01	0.3	0.093	0.013	0.021	2
8	0.024	0.017	0.224	0.143	0.057	0.037	3.86	3.28571E+01	1.1	0.143	0.057	0.039	2
9	0.027	0.033	0.124	0.160	0.042	0.013	62.63	1.27961E+01	0.3	0.160	0.042	0.014	2
10	0.032	0.023	0.215	0.105	0.029	0.097	0.34	1.15023E+57	58.1	0.105	0.029	0.096	3
11	0.023	0.020	0.138	0.110	0.049	0.064	0.97	2.69922E+05	5.2	0.110	0.049	0.066	2
12	0.032	0.024	0.393	0.102	0.044	0.068	0.80	3.07050E+06	6.3	0.102	0.044	0.070	2
13	0.031	0.018	0.199	0.074	0.013	0.055	0.27	5.60380E+09	8.5	0.074	0.013	0.055	2
14	0.026	0.023	0.386	0.049	0.019	0.018	2.04	2.41472E+02	1.5	0.049	0.019	0.018	2
15	0.033	0.032	0.364	0.138	0.067	0.073	1.32	1.62810E+03	3.3	0.138	0.067	0.071	2
16	0.018	0.032	0.378	0.055	0.010	0.024	1.11	4.61171E+01	1.0	0.055	0.010	0.024	2
17	0.027	0.019	0.254	0.170	0.064	0.075	1.36	1.83155E+02	2.4	0.170	0.064	0.075	2
18	0.018	0.025	0.223	0.062	0.028	0.051	0.62	5.34456E+22	18.6	0.062	0.028	0.050	3
19	0.025	0.017	0.177	0.147	0.058	0.051	2.07	9.90795E+01	1.7	0.147	0.058	0.049	2
20	0.017	0.032	0.337	0.013	0.005	0.012	0.43	2.57848E+149	79.2	0.013	0.005	0.012	3
21	0.031	0.028	0.367	0.083	0.016	0.050	0.48	1.12025E+03	2.7	0.083	0.016	0.050	2
22	0.017	0.023	0.213	0.157	0.035	0.030	6.57	1.27404E+01	0.6	0.157	0.035	0.028	2
23	0.023	0.022	0.278	0.124	0.051	0.010	104.17	1.40918E+01	0.3	0.124	0.051	0.009	2
24	0.020	0.018	0.280	0.044	0.013	0.025	0.69	2.06649E+05	3.7	0.044	0.013	0.025	2
25	0.027	0.023	0.234	0.169	0.018	0.084	0.54	1.16327E+01	1.0	0.169	0.018	0.084	2
26	0.025	0.017	0.112	0.041	0.008	0.018	0.69	5.50369E+03	2.4	0.041	0.008	0.018	2
27	0.021	0.030	0.135	0.146	0.067	0.094	0.90	9.15850E+05	6.6	0.146	0.067	0.093	2
28	0.026	0.022	0.237	0.076	0.014	0.021	2.34	2.52938E+01	0.8	0.076	0.014	0.021	2
29	0.021	0.025	0.245	0.105	0.038	0.092	0.47	2.27510E+28	28.8	0.105	0.038	0.091	3
30	0.021	0.030	0.277	0.119	0.057	0.106	0.62	2.40327E+33	35.8	0.119	0.057	0.107	3
31	0.024	0.017	0.382	0.092	0.017	0.013	137.54	1.16973E+01	0.2	0.092	0.017	0.013	2
32	0.017	0.033	0.111	0.097	0.020	0.034	1.18	9.80157E+01	1.5	0.097	0.020	0.034	2
33	0.023	0.019	0.150	0.041	0.013	0.038	0.36	3.52296E+107	77.2	0.041	0.013	0.039	3
34	0.026	0.019	0.115	0.065	0.020	0.058	0.38	9.88557E+45	38.4	0.065	0.020	0.058	3
35	0.018	0.029	0.133	0.123	0.039	0.046	1.45	1.60470E+02	1.9	0.123	0.039	0.047	2
36	0.018	0.023	0.212	0.128	0.048	0.049	1.72	1.44867E+02	1.9	0.128	0.048	0.050	2
37	0.029	0.022	0.194	0.131	0.036	0.021	9.28	1.59178E+01	0.6	0.131	0.036	0.021	2
38	0.023	0.029	0.113	0.147	0.030	0.120	0.30	2.46362E+14	17.0	0.147	0.030	0.120	2
39	0.030	0.030	0.132	0.093	0.041	0.071	0.66	5.17855E+13	12.9	0.093	0.041	0.071	2
40	0.028	0.032	0.370	0.034	0.007	0.031	0.23	6.39613E+38	26.6	0.034	0.007	0.031	2
41	0.026	0.028	0.264	0.012	0.002	0.010	0.26	7.91021E+25	13.5	0.012	0.002	0.010	2
42	0.022	0.021	0.139	0.038	0.018	0.003	60.79	2.99343E+01	0.4	0.038	0.018	0.003	2
43	0.029	0.025	0.175	0.131	0.044	0.017	16.96	1.61755E+01	0.5	0.131	0.044	0.015	2
44	0.031	0.019	0.163	0.061	0.013	0.042	0.38	6.60195E+08	7.0	0.061	0.013	0.041	2
45	0.021	0.017	0.238	0.141	0.053	0.106	0.61	7.72114E+09	11.3	0.141	0.053	0.104	2
46	0.023	0.027	0.104	0.124	0.052	0.103	0.59	1.88292E+20	22.0	0.124	0.052	0.105	3
47	0.024	0.029	0.295	0.076	0.025	0.052	0.57	9.65496E+07	6.9	0.076	0.024	0.053	2
48	0.027	0.029	0.378	0.106	0.012	0.091	0.21	2.25508E+02	2.7	0.106	0.012	0.091	2
49	0.030	0.033	0.202	0.024	0.003	0.016	0.24	6.01293E+05	3.5	0.024	0.003	0.016	2
50	0.029	0.020	0.116	0.028	0.008	0.007	2.62	2.59513E+02	1.2	0.028	0.008	0.007	2

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	Sampled parameters and calibration condition						Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\rho$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{I}$	$\widehat{P}$	$\lambda^*$	$\alpha^*$	$n^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{I}^*$	$\widehat{P}^*$	${m}$
1	0.031	0.028	0.306	0.095	0.016	0.011	224.91	1.22212E+01	0.2	0.095	0.016	0.011	2
2	0.017	0.027	0.115	0.054	0.017	0.036	0.54	2.80696E+09	7.2	0.054	0.017	0.036	2
3	0.031	0.022	0.171	0.015	0.007	0.006	1.82	2.22785E+04	2.1	0.015	0.007	0.006	2
4	0.024	0.026	0.372	0.023	0.009	0.020	0.46	1.09674E+42	25.5	0.023	0.009	0.020	3
5	0.032	0.032	0.192	0.168	0.066	0.151	0.52	1.91294E+33	42.7	0.168	0.066	0.152	3
6	0.022	0.023	0.102	0.120	0.044	0.105	0.48	1.30078E+32	34.4	0.120	0.044	0.104	3
7	0.031	0.018	0.307	0.093	0.013	0.021	15.58	1.04219E+01	0.3	0.093	0.013	0.021	2
8	0.024	0.017	0.224	0.143	0.057	0.037	3.86	3.28571E+01	1.1	0.143	0.057	0.039	2
9	0.027	0.033	0.124	0.160	0.042	0.013	62.63	1.27961E+01	0.3	0.160	0.042	0.014	2
10	0.032	0.023	0.215	0.105	0.029	0.097	0.34	1.15023E+57	58.1	0.105	0.029	0.096	3
11	0.023	0.020	0.138	0.110	0.049	0.064	0.97	2.69922E+05	5.2	0.110	0.049	0.066	2
12	0.032	0.024	0.393	0.102	0.044	0.068	0.80	3.07050E+06	6.3	0.102	0.044	0.070	2
13	0.031	0.018	0.199	0.074	0.013	0.055	0.27	5.60380E+09	8.5	0.074	0.013	0.055	2
14	0.026	0.023	0.386	0.049	0.019	0.018	2.04	2.41472E+02	1.5	0.049	0.019	0.018	2
15	0.033	0.032	0.364	0.138	0.067	0.073	1.32	1.62810E+03	3.3	0.138	0.067	0.071	2
16	0.018	0.032	0.378	0.055	0.010	0.024	1.11	4.61171E+01	1.0	0.055	0.010	0.024	2
17	0.027	0.019	0.254	0.170	0.064	0.075	1.36	1.83155E+02	2.4	0.170	0.064	0.075	2
18	0.018	0.025	0.223	0.062	0.028	0.051	0.62	5.34456E+22	18.6	0.062	0.028	0.050	3
19	0.025	0.017	0.177	0.147	0.058	0.051	2.07	9.90795E+01	1.7	0.147	0.058	0.049	2
20	0.017	0.032	0.337	0.013	0.005	0.012	0.43	2.57848E+149	79.2	0.013	0.005	0.012	3
21	0.031	0.028	0.367	0.083	0.016	0.050	0.48	1.12025E+03	2.7	0.083	0.016	0.050	2
22	0.017	0.023	0.213	0.157	0.035	0.030	6.57	1.27404E+01	0.6	0.157	0.035	0.028	2
23	0.023	0.022	0.278	0.124	0.051	0.010	104.17	1.40918E+01	0.3	0.124	0.051	0.009	2
24	0.020	0.018	0.280	0.044	0.013	0.025	0.69	2.06649E+05	3.7	0.044	0.013	0.025	2
25	0.027	0.023	0.234	0.169	0.018	0.084	0.54	1.16327E+01	1.0	0.169	0.018	0.084	2
26	0.025	0.017	0.112	0.041	0.008	0.018	0.69	5.50369E+03	2.4	0.041	0.008	0.018	2
27	0.021	0.030	0.135	0.146	0.067	0.094	0.90	9.15850E+05	6.6	0.146	0.067	0.093	2
28	0.026	0.022	0.237	0.076	0.014	0.021	2.34	2.52938E+01	0.8	0.076	0.014	0.021	2
29	0.021	0.025	0.245	0.105	0.038	0.092	0.47	2.27510E+28	28.8	0.105	0.038	0.091	3
30	0.021	0.030	0.277	0.119	0.057	0.106	0.62	2.40327E+33	35.8	0.119	0.057	0.107	3
31	0.024	0.017	0.382	0.092	0.017	0.013	137.54	1.16973E+01	0.2	0.092	0.017	0.013	2
32	0.017	0.033	0.111	0.097	0.020	0.034	1.18	9.80157E+01	1.5	0.097	0.020	0.034	2
33	0.023	0.019	0.150	0.041	0.013	0.038	0.36	3.52296E+107	77.2	0.041	0.013	0.039	3
34	0.026	0.019	0.115	0.065	0.020	0.058	0.38	9.88557E+45	38.4	0.065	0.020	0.058	3
35	0.018	0.029	0.133	0.123	0.039	0.046	1.45	1.60470E+02	1.9	0.123	0.039	0.047	2
36	0.018	0.023	0.212	0.128	0.048	0.049	1.72	1.44867E+02	1.9	0.128	0.048	0.050	2
37	0.029	0.022	0.194	0.131	0.036	0.021	9.28	1.59178E+01	0.6	0.131	0.036	0.021	2
38	0.023	0.029	0.113	0.147	0.030	0.120	0.30	2.46362E+14	17.0	0.147	0.030	0.120	2
39	0.030	0.030	0.132	0.093	0.041	0.071	0.66	5.17855E+13	12.9	0.093	0.041	0.071	2
40	0.028	0.032	0.370	0.034	0.007	0.031	0.23	6.39613E+38	26.6	0.034	0.007	0.031	2
41	0.026	0.028	0.264	0.012	0.002	0.010	0.26	7.91021E+25	13.5	0.012	0.002	0.010	2
42	0.022	0.021	0.139	0.038	0.018	0.003	60.79	2.99343E+01	0.4	0.038	0.018	0.003	2
43	0.029	0.025	0.175	0.131	0.044	0.017	16.96	1.61755E+01	0.5	0.131	0.044	0.015	2
44	0.031	0.019	0.163	0.061	0.013	0.042	0.38	6.60195E+08	7.0	0.061	0.013	0.041	2
45	0.021	0.017	0.238	0.141	0.053	0.106	0.61	7.72114E+09	11.3	0.141	0.053	0.104	2
46	0.023	0.027	0.104	0.124	0.052	0.103	0.59	1.88292E+20	22.0	0.124	0.052	0.105	3
47	0.024	0.029	0.295	0.076	0.025	0.052	0.57	9.65496E+07	6.9	0.076	0.024	0.053	2
48	0.027	0.029	0.378	0.106	0.012	0.091	0.21	2.25508E+02	2.7	0.106	0.012	0.091	2
49	0.030	0.033	0.202	0.024	0.003	0.016	0.24	6.01293E+05	3.5	0.024	0.003	0.016	2
50	0.029	0.020	0.116	0.028	0.008	0.007	2.62	2.59513E+02	1.2	0.028	0.008	0.007	2

Table 7a. Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to HIV prevalence, HSV-2 prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV

	Symbol	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.1-0.4	[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{A}$	0.3-17	[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{H}$	4-50	[2,16,22,20]
Peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{I}$	10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{P}$	5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)	$\kappa$	determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term	$\alpha$	determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term	$n$	determined by calibration procedure

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	Symbol	Range	References
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)	$\mu$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)	$\Lambda$	$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$	$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)	$\rho$	0.1-0.4	[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{A}$	0.3-17	[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium	$\widehat{H}$	4-50	[2,16,22,20]
Peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{I}$	10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence	$\widehat{P}$	5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)	$\lambda$	determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)	$\kappa$	determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term	$\alpha$	determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term	$n$	determined by calibration procedure

Table 7b. Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to HIV prevalence, HSV-2 prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (b) Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions. For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\lambda^*, \kappa^*, \alpha^*, n^*$) and the resulting calibration values ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{H}^*, \widehat{I}^*, \widehat{P}^*$) are given. Number of iterations required to satisfy the stopping criteria of Steps 1 and 2 (i.e. $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\alpha_i-\alpha_{i-1}|, |n_i-n_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ and $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\kappa_i-\kappa_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$) denoted ${m}_1$ and ${m}_2$, respectively

	Sampled parameters and calibration condition							Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\rho$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{H}$	$\widehat{I}$	$\widehat{P}$	$\lambda^*$	$\kappa^*$	$\alpha^*$	$n^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{H}^*$	$\widehat{I}^*$	$\widehat{P}^*$	${m}_1$	${m}_2$
1	0.019	0.030	0.245	0.066	0.278	0.017	0.007	27.363	24.30	1.57188E+01	0.3	0.066	0.278	0.023	0.010	2	4
2	0.033	0.019	0.222	0.073	0.499	0.026	0.032	0.623	0.82	1.33110E+03	2.4	0.073	0.499	0.037	0.033	2	4
3	0.018	0.021	0.119	0.105	0.422	0.012	0.028	0.980	1.32	2.00261E+01	0.8	0.105	0.422	0.017	0.030	2	4
4	0.027	0.027	0.183	0.149	0.314	0.025	0.022	9.194	9.80	1.09897E+01	0.4	0.149	0.314	0.036	0.028	2	4
5	0.027	0.021	0.271	0.087	0.125	0.026	0.059	0.462	0.20	1.78937E+07	6.6	0.087	0.125	0.033	0.059	2	4
6	0.027	0.020	0.366	0.013	0.383	0.004	0.010	0.267	0.14	1.04947E+22	11.5	0.013	0.383	0.005	0.010	2	4
7	0.027	0.017	0.101	0.035	0.475	0.011	0.014	0.726	1.09	5.92861E+03	2.2	0.035	0.475	0.014	0.014	2	4
8	0.027	0.025	0.127	0.102	0.408	0.042	0.072	0.407	0.59	1.09128E+10	9.7	0.102	0.408	0.063	0.073	2	4
9	0.027	0.033	0.171	0.042	0.456	0.013	0.009	2.812	4.86	5.02452E+01	0.8	0.042	0.456	0.017	0.010	2	4
10	0.022	0.027	0.188	0.088	0.167	0.030	0.032	1.258	0.95	1.90229E+02	1.7	0.088	0.167	0.045	0.035	2	4
11	0.017	0.024	0.393	0.068	0.354	0.012	0.031	0.593	0.43	4.13872E+01	1.1	0.068	0.354	0.016	0.031	2	4
12	0.022	0.021	0.132	0.108	0.446	0.022	0.086	0.145	0.25	1.00813E+14	14.3	0.108	0.446	0.032	0.085	2	4
13	0.022	0.018	0.274	0.090	0.325	0.027	0.041	0.664	0.44	5.42991E+02	2.2	0.090	0.325	0.037	0.042	2	4
14	0.030	0.029	0.158	0.154	0.447	0.053	0.024	5.053	8.46	1.69047E+01	0.7	0.154	0.447	0.078	0.026	2	4
15	0.020	0.021	0.315	0.099	0.064	0.032	0.087	0.349	0.15	2.83629E+28	28.2	0.099	0.064	0.042	0.088	2	4
16	0.029	0.032	0.213	0.013	0.174	0.004	0.010	0.319	0.25	3.11897E+23	12.3	0.013	0.174	0.007	0.010	2	4
17	0.019	0.026	0.225	0.087	0.313	0.019	0.031	0.941	0.77	6.22601E+01	1.3	0.087	0.313	0.026	0.031	2	4
18	0.017	0.021	0.251	0.092	0.265	0.013	0.027	1.891	1.09	1.44818E+01	0.6	0.092	0.265	0.016	0.029	2	4
19	0.026	0.030	0.167	0.098	0.242	0.016	0.041	0.531	0.50	8.84472E+01	1.5	0.098	0.242	0.024	0.043	2	4
20	0.032	0.018	0.162	0.004	0.253	0.001	0.003	0.315	0.21	1.69847E+39	16.4	0.004	0.253	0.002	0.004	2	4
21	0.023	0.018	0.317	0.114	0.205	0.050	0.024	5.369	2.61	2.49145E+01	0.8	0.114	0.205	0.063	0.025	2	4
22	0.022	0.018	0.349	0.097	0.156	0.013	0.043	1.036	0.37	1.20336E+01	0.7	0.097	0.156	0.015	0.047	2	4
23	0.020	0.021	0.121	0.112	0.244	0.015	0.038	0.671	0.62	4.06640E+01	1.2	0.112	0.244	0.023	0.041	2	4
24	0.021	0.022	0.275	0.131	0.207	0.044	0.109	0.321	0.22	9.01245E+16	19.0	0.131	0.207	0.068	0.111	2	4
25	0.033	0.027	0.128	0.048	0.134	0.021	0.040	0.412	0.35	1.47565E+32	24.1	0.048	0.134	0.038	0.040	2	4
26	0.031	0.032	0.232	0.017	0.195	0.004	0.007	1.048	0.71	1.01842E+03	1.5	0.017	0.195	0.006	0.007	2	4
27	0.032	0.032	0.183	0.163	0.278	0.022	0.141	0.132	0.12	4.93217E+16	21.3	0.163	0.278	0.031	0.142	2	4
28	0.030	0.027	0.363	0.080	0.128	0.031	0.041	0.975	0.39	2.89175E+03	2.8	0.080	0.128	0.036	0.042	2	4
29	0.032	0.026	0.199	0.033	0.041	0.010	0.006	6.908	3.13	4.36917E+01	0.7	0.033	0.041	0.011	0.006	2	4
30	0.017	0.026	0.211	0.018	0.071	0.004	0.006	1.130	0.53	4.52802E+02	1.2	0.018	0.071	0.004	0.006	2	4
31	0.027	0.017	0.339	0.008	0.434	0.001	0.003	0.583	0.36	2.40135E+02	1.0	0.008	0.434	0.002	0.004	2	4
32	0.033	0.029	0.151	0.103	0.352	0.019	0.089	0.158	0.19	1.69030E+26	26.4	0.103	0.352	0.028	0.090	2	4
33	0.026	0.027	0.150	0.111	0.363	0.051	0.074	0.471	0.63	5.48670E+07	7.7	0.111	0.363	0.080	0.076	2	4
34	0.029	0.028	0.327	0.118	0.083	0.041	0.025	6.144	2.99	1.75725E+01	0.7	0.118	0.083	0.051	0.028	2	4
35	0.026	0.019	0.298	0.063	0.433	0.012	0.056	0.107	0.11	8.21837E+39	33.2	0.063	0.433	0.017	0.057	2	4
36	0.019	0.028	0.222	0.102	0.162	0.022	0.018	6.609	4.04	1.50967E+01	0.5	0.102	0.162	0.029	0.021	2	4
37	0.025	0.017	0.321	0.153	0.449	0.023	0.029	13.872	14.87	9.29399E+00	0.3	0.153	0.449	0.033	0.035	3	4
38	0.017	0.026	0.306	0.152	0.272	0.028	0.089	0.310	0.24	2.90089E+02	2.8	0.152	0.272	0.039	0.090	2	4
39	0.021	0.028	0.220	0.027	0.130	0.009	0.015	0.748	0.41	4.01353E+05	3.3	0.027	0.130	0.012	0.015	2	4
40	0.021	0.018	0.102	0.105	0.395	0.049	0.027	2.254	3.06	9.83595E+01	1.4	0.105	0.395	0.071	0.031	2	4
41	0.026	0.021	0.354	0.080	0.480	0.018	0.037	0.437	0.45	1.73014E+02	1.8	0.080	0.480	0.025	0.039	2	4
42	0.017	0.029	0.170	0.124	0.043	0.031	0.107	0.315	0.17	1.61848E+24	26.5	0.124	0.043	0.032	0.108	2	4
43	0.031	0.031	0.370	0.064	0.332	0.012	0.011	31.695	19.29	1.22280E+01	0.3	0.064	0.332	0.014	0.014	2	4
44	0.031	0.026	0.143	0.010	0.375	0.004	0.001	54.142	84.59	3.92541E+01	0.4	0.010	0.375	0.006	0.001	2	4
45	0.021	0.024	0.244	0.098	0.287	0.014	0.019	7.851	6.15	1.13403E+01	0.4	0.098	0.287	0.019	0.022	3	4
46	0.023	0.021	0.385	0.120	0.139	0.052	0.021	11.064	4.83	1.65212E+01	0.6	0.120	0.139	0.063	0.022	2	4
47	0.020	0.032	0.166	0.122	0.420	0.028	0.010	36.862	65.08	1.30911E+01	0.3	0.122	0.420	0.040	0.012	2	4
48	0.024	0.025	0.323	0.152	0.235	0.029	0.101	0.260	0.18	4.59014E+03	4.4	0.152	0.235	0.043	0.102	2	4
49	0.025	0.026	0.384	0.031	0.171	0.011	0.006	6.999	3.11	3.49139E+01	0.6	0.031	0.171	0.014	0.007	2	4
50	0.025	0.018	0.313	0.052	0.479	0.012	0.004	165.669	157.22	1.52477E+01	0.2	0.052	0.479	0.014	0.006	2	4

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	Sampled parameters and calibration condition							Calibration results
$j$	$\Lambda$	$\mu$	$\rho$	$\widehat{A}$	$\widehat{H}$	$\widehat{I}$	$\widehat{P}$	$\lambda^*$	$\kappa^*$	$\alpha^*$	$n^*$	$\widehat{A}^*$	$\widehat{H}^*$	$\widehat{I}^*$	$\widehat{P}^*$	${m}_1$	${m}_2$
1	0.019	0.030	0.245	0.066	0.278	0.017	0.007	27.363	24.30	1.57188E+01	0.3	0.066	0.278	0.023	0.010	2	4
2	0.033	0.019	0.222	0.073	0.499	0.026	0.032	0.623	0.82	1.33110E+03	2.4	0.073	0.499	0.037	0.033	2	4
3	0.018	0.021	0.119	0.105	0.422	0.012	0.028	0.980	1.32	2.00261E+01	0.8	0.105	0.422	0.017	0.030	2	4
4	0.027	0.027	0.183	0.149	0.314	0.025	0.022	9.194	9.80	1.09897E+01	0.4	0.149	0.314	0.036	0.028	2	4
5	0.027	0.021	0.271	0.087	0.125	0.026	0.059	0.462	0.20	1.78937E+07	6.6	0.087	0.125	0.033	0.059	2	4
6	0.027	0.020	0.366	0.013	0.383	0.004	0.010	0.267	0.14	1.04947E+22	11.5	0.013	0.383	0.005	0.010	2	4
7	0.027	0.017	0.101	0.035	0.475	0.011	0.014	0.726	1.09	5.92861E+03	2.2	0.035	0.475	0.014	0.014	2	4
8	0.027	0.025	0.127	0.102	0.408	0.042	0.072	0.407	0.59	1.09128E+10	9.7	0.102	0.408	0.063	0.073	2	4
9	0.027	0.033	0.171	0.042	0.456	0.013	0.009	2.812	4.86	5.02452E+01	0.8	0.042	0.456	0.017	0.010	2	4
10	0.022	0.027	0.188	0.088	0.167	0.030	0.032	1.258	0.95	1.90229E+02	1.7	0.088	0.167	0.045	0.035	2	4
11	0.017	0.024	0.393	0.068	0.354	0.012	0.031	0.593	0.43	4.13872E+01	1.1	0.068	0.354	0.016	0.031	2	4
12	0.022	0.021	0.132	0.108	0.446	0.022	0.086	0.145	0.25	1.00813E+14	14.3	0.108	0.446	0.032	0.085	2	4
13	0.022	0.018	0.274	0.090	0.325	0.027	0.041	0.664	0.44	5.42991E+02	2.2	0.090	0.325	0.037	0.042	2	4
14	0.030	0.029	0.158	0.154	0.447	0.053	0.024	5.053	8.46	1.69047E+01	0.7	0.154	0.447	0.078	0.026	2	4
15	0.020	0.021	0.315	0.099	0.064	0.032	0.087	0.349	0.15	2.83629E+28	28.2	0.099	0.064	0.042	0.088	2	4
16	0.029	0.032	0.213	0.013	0.174	0.004	0.010	0.319	0.25	3.11897E+23	12.3	0.013	0.174	0.007	0.010	2	4
17	0.019	0.026	0.225	0.087	0.313	0.019	0.031	0.941	0.77	6.22601E+01	1.3	0.087	0.313	0.026	0.031	2	4
18	0.017	0.021	0.251	0.092	0.265	0.013	0.027	1.891	1.09	1.44818E+01	0.6	0.092	0.265	0.016	0.029	2	4
19	0.026	0.030	0.167	0.098	0.242	0.016	0.041	0.531	0.50	8.84472E+01	1.5	0.098	0.242	0.024	0.043	2	4
20	0.032	0.018	0.162	0.004	0.253	0.001	0.003	0.315	0.21	1.69847E+39	16.4	0.004	0.253	0.002	0.004	2	4
21	0.023	0.018	0.317	0.114	0.205	0.050	0.024	5.369	2.61	2.49145E+01	0.8	0.114	0.205	0.063	0.025	2	4
22	0.022	0.018	0.349	0.097	0.156	0.013	0.043	1.036	0.37	1.20336E+01	0.7	0.097	0.156	0.015	0.047	2	4
23	0.020	0.021	0.121	0.112	0.244	0.015	0.038	0.671	0.62	4.06640E+01	1.2	0.112	0.244	0.023	0.041	2	4
24	0.021	0.022	0.275	0.131	0.207	0.044	0.109	0.321	0.22	9.01245E+16	19.0	0.131	0.207	0.068	0.111	2	4
25	0.033	0.027	0.128	0.048	0.134	0.021	0.040	0.412	0.35	1.47565E+32	24.1	0.048	0.134	0.038	0.040	2	4
26	0.031	0.032	0.232	0.017	0.195	0.004	0.007	1.048	0.71	1.01842E+03	1.5	0.017	0.195	0.006	0.007	2	4
27	0.032	0.032	0.183	0.163	0.278	0.022	0.141	0.132	0.12	4.93217E+16	21.3	0.163	0.278	0.031	0.142	2	4
28	0.030	0.027	0.363	0.080	0.128	0.031	0.041	0.975	0.39	2.89175E+03	2.8	0.080	0.128	0.036	0.042	2	4
29	0.032	0.026	0.199	0.033	0.041	0.010	0.006	6.908	3.13	4.36917E+01	0.7	0.033	0.041	0.011	0.006	2	4
30	0.017	0.026	0.211	0.018	0.071	0.004	0.006	1.130	0.53	4.52802E+02	1.2	0.018	0.071	0.004	0.006	2	4
31	0.027	0.017	0.339	0.008	0.434	0.001	0.003	0.583	0.36	2.40135E+02	1.0	0.008	0.434	0.002	0.004	2	4
32	0.033	0.029	0.151	0.103	0.352	0.019	0.089	0.158	0.19	1.69030E+26	26.4	0.103	0.352	0.028	0.090	2	4
33	0.026	0.027	0.150	0.111	0.363	0.051	0.074	0.471	0.63	5.48670E+07	7.7	0.111	0.363	0.080	0.076	2	4
34	0.029	0.028	0.327	0.118	0.083	0.041	0.025	6.144	2.99	1.75725E+01	0.7	0.118	0.083	0.051	0.028	2	4
35	0.026	0.019	0.298	0.063	0.433	0.012	0.056	0.107	0.11	8.21837E+39	33.2	0.063	0.433	0.017	0.057	2	4
36	0.019	0.028	0.222	0.102	0.162	0.022	0.018	6.609	4.04	1.50967E+01	0.5	0.102	0.162	0.029	0.021	2	4
37	0.025	0.017	0.321	0.153	0.449	0.023	0.029	13.872	14.87	9.29399E+00	0.3	0.153	0.449	0.033	0.035	3	4
38	0.017	0.026	0.306	0.152	0.272	0.028	0.089	0.310	0.24	2.90089E+02	2.8	0.152	0.272	0.039	0.090	2	4
39	0.021	0.028	0.220	0.027	0.130	0.009	0.015	0.748	0.41	4.01353E+05	3.3	0.027	0.130	0.012	0.015	2	4
40	0.021	0.018	0.102	0.105	0.395	0.049	0.027	2.254	3.06	9.83595E+01	1.4	0.105	0.395	0.071	0.031	2	4
41	0.026	0.021	0.354	0.080	0.480	0.018	0.037	0.437	0.45	1.73014E+02	1.8	0.080	0.480	0.025	0.039	2	4
42	0.017	0.029	0.170	0.124	0.043	0.031	0.107	0.315	0.17	1.61848E+24	26.5	0.124	0.043	0.032	0.108	2	4
43	0.031	0.031	0.370	0.064	0.332	0.012	0.011	31.695	19.29	1.22280E+01	0.3	0.064	0.332	0.014	0.014	2	4
44	0.031	0.026	0.143	0.010	0.375	0.004	0.001	54.142	84.59	3.92541E+01	0.4	0.010	0.375	0.006	0.001	2	4
45	0.021	0.024	0.244	0.098	0.287	0.014	0.019	7.851	6.15	1.13403E+01	0.4	0.098	0.287	0.019	0.022	3	4
46	0.023	0.021	0.385	0.120	0.139	0.052	0.021	11.064	4.83	1.65212E+01	0.6	0.120	0.139	0.063	0.022	2	4
47	0.020	0.032	0.166	0.122	0.420	0.028	0.010	36.862	65.08	1.30911E+01	0.3	0.122	0.420	0.040	0.012	2	4
48	0.024	0.025	0.323	0.152	0.235	0.029	0.101	0.260	0.18	4.59014E+03	4.4	0.152	0.235	0.043	0.102	2	4
49	0.025	0.026	0.384	0.031	0.171	0.011	0.006	6.999	3.11	3.49139E+01	0.6	0.031	0.171	0.014	0.007	2	4
50	0.025	0.018	0.313	0.052	0.479	0.012	0.004	165.669	157.22	1.52477E+01	0.2	0.052	0.479	0.014	0.006	2	4

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2018 Impact Factor: 1.313

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American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

An exact approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data: The case of HIV and HSV-2

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American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

An exact approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data: The case of HIV and HSV-2

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