American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
February  2018, 15(1): 153-179. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2018007

An exact approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data: The case of HIV and HSV-2

David J. Gerberry

Department of Mathematics, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45207, USA

Received  September 15, 2016 Accepted  March 02, 2017 Published  May 2017

When mathematical models of infectious diseases are used to inform health policy, an important first step is often to calibrate a model to disease surveillance data for a specific setting (or multiple settings). It is increasingly common to also perform sensitivity analyses to demonstrate the robustness, or lack thereof, of the modeling results. Doing so requires the modeler to find multiple parameter sets for which the model produces behavior that is consistent with the surveillance data. While frequently overlooked, the calibration process is nontrivial at best and can be inefficient, poorly communicated and a major hurdle to the overall reproducibility of modeling results.

In this work, we describe a general approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data. The technique is able to match surveillance data to high accuracy in a very efficient manner as it is based on the Newton-Raphson method for solving nonlinear systems. To demonstrate its robustness, we use the calibration technique on multiple models for the interacting dynamics of HIV and HSV-2.

Keywords: Mathematical modeling, calibration, model-fitting, HIV, HSV-2, surveillance data.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 92D30; Secondary: 92D25, 37N25, 37N30, 92C60.
Citation: David J. Gerberry. An exact approach to calibrating infectious disease models to surveillance data: The case of HIV and HSV-2. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2018, 15 (1) : 153-179. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2018007
References:
[1]

L. J. Abu-Raddad, A. S. Magaret, C. Celum, A. Wald, I. M. Longini, S. G. Self and L. Corey, Genital herpes has played a more important role than any other sexually transmitted infection in driving hiv prevalence in africa, PLoS ONE, 3 (2008), e2230.

[2]

B. Auvert, R. Ballard, C. Campbell, M. Caraël, M. Carton, G. Fehler, E. Gouws, C. MacPhail, D. Taljaard, J. V. Dam and B. Williams, Hiv infection among youth in a south african mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour, AIDS, 15 (2001), 885-898. 

[3]

J. M. Baeten, D. Donnell, P. Ndase, N. R. Mugo, J. D. Campbell, J. Wangisi, J. W. Tappero, E. A. Bukusi, C. R. Cohen, E. Katabira, A. Ronald, E. Tumwesigye, E. Were, K. H. Fife, J. Kiarie, C. Farquhar, G. John-Stewart, A. Kakia, J. Odoyo, A. Mucunguzi, E. Nakku-Joloba, R. Twesigye, K. Ngure, C. Apaka, H. Tamooh, F. Gabona, A. Mujugira, D. Panteleeff, K. K. Thomas, L. Kidoguchi, M. Krows, J. Revall, S. Morrison, H. Haugen, M. Emmanuel-Ogier, L. Ondrejcek, R. W. Coombs, L. Frenkel, C. Hendrix, N. N. Bumpus, D. Bangsberg, J. E. Haberer, W. S. Stevens, J. R. Lingappa and C. Celum, Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 399-410. 

[4]

R. V. Barnabas, E. L. Webb, H. A. Weiss and J. N. Wasserheit, The role of coinfections in HIV epidemic trajectory and positive prevention, AIDS, 25 (2011), 1559-1573. 

[5]

M.-C. Boily, R. F. Baggaley, L. Wang, B. Masse, R. G. White, R. J. Hayes and M. Alary, Heterosexual risk of hiv-1 infection per sexual act: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Lancet Infect Dis, 9 (2009), 118–129, URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473-3099(09)70021-0.

[6]

R. Burden and J. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Cengage Learning, 2010.

[7]

Cohen, Chen, McCauley, Gamble, Hosseinipour, Kumarasamy, Hakim, Kumwenda, Grinsztejn, Pilotto, Godbole, Mehendale, Chariyalertsak, Santos, Mayer, Hoffman, Eshleman, Piwowar-Manning, Wang, Makhema, Mills, de Bruyn, Sanne, Eron, Gallant, Havlir, Swindells, Ribaudo, Elharrar, Burns, Taha, Nielsen-Saines, Celentano, Essex, Fleming and HPTN 052 Study Team, Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy., N Engl J Med, 365 (2011), 493-505. 

[8]

M. Das, P. L. Chu, G. -M. Santos, S. Scheer, E. Vittinghoff, W. McFarland and G. N. Colfax, Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in san francisco, PLoS ONE, 5 (2010), e11068.

[9]

E. E. Freeman, H. A. Weiss, J. R. Glynn, P. L. Cross, J. A. Whitworth and R. J. Hayes, Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases hiv acquisition in men and women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, AIDS, 20 (2006), 73-83. 

[10]

D. Gerberry, B. G. Wagner, J. G. García-Lerma, W. Heneine and S. Blower, Using geospatial modelling to optimize the rollout of antiretroviral-based pre-exposure HIV interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nature Communications, 5 (2014), 1-15. 

[11]

R. M. Granich, C. F. Gilks, C. Dye, K. M. De Cock and B. G. Williams, Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: A mathematical model, Lancet, 373 (2009), 48-57. 

[12]

R. H. Gray, M. J. Wawer, R. Brookmeyer, N. K. Sewankambo, D. Serwadda, F. Wabwire-Mangen, T. Lutalo, X. Li, T. vanCott, T. C. Quinn and R. P. Team, Probability of hiv-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, hiv-1-discordant couples in rakai, uganda, Lancet, 357 (2001), 1149-1153. 

[13]

R. J. Hayes, K. F. Schulz and F. A. Plummer, The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of hiv transmission in sub-saharan africa, J Trop Med Hyg, 98 (1995), 1-8. 

[14]

K. A. Powers, C. Poole, A. E. Pettifor and M. S. Cohen, Rethinking the heterosexual infectivity of hiv-1: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, 8 (2008), 553-563.  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70156-7.

[15]

J. A. Røttingen, D. W. Cameron and G. P. Garnett, A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and hiv: How much really is known?, Sex Transm Dis, 28 (2001), 579-597. 

[16]

J. S. Smith and N. J. Robinson, Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: A global review, J Infect Dis, 186 (2002), 3-28. 

[17]

R. J. Smith and S. M. Blower, Could disease-modifying HIV vaccines cause population-level perversity?, Lancet Infect Dis, 4 (2004), 636-639.  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01148-X.

[18]

The World Bank, World development indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data--catalog/world--development--indicators [Accessed: 25 Oct 2011], URL http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

[19]

M. C. Thigpen, P. M. Kebaabetswe, L. A. Paxton, D. K. Smith, C. E. Rose, T. M. Segolodi, F. L. Henderson, S. R. Pathak, F. A. Soud, K. L. Chillag, R. Mutanhaurwa, L. I. Chirwa, M. Kasonde, D. Abebe, E. Buliva, R. J. Gvetadze, S. Johnson, T. Sukalac, V. T. Thomas, C. Hart, J. A. Johnson, C. K. Malotte, C. W. Hendrix and J. T. Brooks, Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in botswana, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 423-434.  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1110711.

[20]

A. J. Vyse, N. J. Gay, M. J. Slomka, R. Gopal, T. Gibbs, P. Morgan-Capner and D. W. Brown, The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: Implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes., Sex Transm Infect, 76 (2000), 183-187.  doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.183.

[21]

A. Wald and K. Link, Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis, J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), 45-52.  doi: 10.1086/338231.

[22]

H. Weiss, Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world, Herpes, 11 (2004), 24A-35A. 

show all references

References:
[1]

L. J. Abu-Raddad, A. S. Magaret, C. Celum, A. Wald, I. M. Longini, S. G. Self and L. Corey, Genital herpes has played a more important role than any other sexually transmitted infection in driving hiv prevalence in africa, PLoS ONE, 3 (2008), e2230.

[2]

B. Auvert, R. Ballard, C. Campbell, M. Caraël, M. Carton, G. Fehler, E. Gouws, C. MacPhail, D. Taljaard, J. V. Dam and B. Williams, Hiv infection among youth in a south african mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour, AIDS, 15 (2001), 885-898. 

[3]

J. M. Baeten, D. Donnell, P. Ndase, N. R. Mugo, J. D. Campbell, J. Wangisi, J. W. Tappero, E. A. Bukusi, C. R. Cohen, E. Katabira, A. Ronald, E. Tumwesigye, E. Were, K. H. Fife, J. Kiarie, C. Farquhar, G. John-Stewart, A. Kakia, J. Odoyo, A. Mucunguzi, E. Nakku-Joloba, R. Twesigye, K. Ngure, C. Apaka, H. Tamooh, F. Gabona, A. Mujugira, D. Panteleeff, K. K. Thomas, L. Kidoguchi, M. Krows, J. Revall, S. Morrison, H. Haugen, M. Emmanuel-Ogier, L. Ondrejcek, R. W. Coombs, L. Frenkel, C. Hendrix, N. N. Bumpus, D. Bangsberg, J. E. Haberer, W. S. Stevens, J. R. Lingappa and C. Celum, Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 399-410. 

[4]

R. V. Barnabas, E. L. Webb, H. A. Weiss and J. N. Wasserheit, The role of coinfections in HIV epidemic trajectory and positive prevention, AIDS, 25 (2011), 1559-1573. 

[5]

M.-C. Boily, R. F. Baggaley, L. Wang, B. Masse, R. G. White, R. J. Hayes and M. Alary, Heterosexual risk of hiv-1 infection per sexual act: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Lancet Infect Dis, 9 (2009), 118–129, URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473-3099(09)70021-0.

[6]

R. Burden and J. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Cengage Learning, 2010.

[7]

Cohen, Chen, McCauley, Gamble, Hosseinipour, Kumarasamy, Hakim, Kumwenda, Grinsztejn, Pilotto, Godbole, Mehendale, Chariyalertsak, Santos, Mayer, Hoffman, Eshleman, Piwowar-Manning, Wang, Makhema, Mills, de Bruyn, Sanne, Eron, Gallant, Havlir, Swindells, Ribaudo, Elharrar, Burns, Taha, Nielsen-Saines, Celentano, Essex, Fleming and HPTN 052 Study Team, Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy., N Engl J Med, 365 (2011), 493-505. 

[8]

M. Das, P. L. Chu, G. -M. Santos, S. Scheer, E. Vittinghoff, W. McFarland and G. N. Colfax, Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in san francisco, PLoS ONE, 5 (2010), e11068.

[9]

E. E. Freeman, H. A. Weiss, J. R. Glynn, P. L. Cross, J. A. Whitworth and R. J. Hayes, Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases hiv acquisition in men and women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, AIDS, 20 (2006), 73-83. 

[10]

D. Gerberry, B. G. Wagner, J. G. García-Lerma, W. Heneine and S. Blower, Using geospatial modelling to optimize the rollout of antiretroviral-based pre-exposure HIV interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nature Communications, 5 (2014), 1-15. 

[11]

R. M. Granich, C. F. Gilks, C. Dye, K. M. De Cock and B. G. Williams, Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: A mathematical model, Lancet, 373 (2009), 48-57. 

[12]

R. H. Gray, M. J. Wawer, R. Brookmeyer, N. K. Sewankambo, D. Serwadda, F. Wabwire-Mangen, T. Lutalo, X. Li, T. vanCott, T. C. Quinn and R. P. Team, Probability of hiv-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, hiv-1-discordant couples in rakai, uganda, Lancet, 357 (2001), 1149-1153. 

[13]

R. J. Hayes, K. F. Schulz and F. A. Plummer, The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of hiv transmission in sub-saharan africa, J Trop Med Hyg, 98 (1995), 1-8. 

[14]

K. A. Powers, C. Poole, A. E. Pettifor and M. S. Cohen, Rethinking the heterosexual infectivity of hiv-1: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, 8 (2008), 553-563.  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70156-7.

[15]

J. A. Røttingen, D. W. Cameron and G. P. Garnett, A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and hiv: How much really is known?, Sex Transm Dis, 28 (2001), 579-597. 

[16]

J. S. Smith and N. J. Robinson, Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: A global review, J Infect Dis, 186 (2002), 3-28. 

[17]

R. J. Smith and S. M. Blower, Could disease-modifying HIV vaccines cause population-level perversity?, Lancet Infect Dis, 4 (2004), 636-639.  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01148-X.

[18]

The World Bank, World development indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data--catalog/world--development--indicators [Accessed: 25 Oct 2011], URL http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

[19]

M. C. Thigpen, P. M. Kebaabetswe, L. A. Paxton, D. K. Smith, C. E. Rose, T. M. Segolodi, F. L. Henderson, S. R. Pathak, F. A. Soud, K. L. Chillag, R. Mutanhaurwa, L. I. Chirwa, M. Kasonde, D. Abebe, E. Buliva, R. J. Gvetadze, S. Johnson, T. Sukalac, V. T. Thomas, C. Hart, J. A. Johnson, C. K. Malotte, C. W. Hendrix and J. T. Brooks, Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in botswana, N Engl J Med, 367 (2012), 423-434.  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1110711.

[20]

A. J. Vyse, N. J. Gay, M. J. Slomka, R. Gopal, T. Gibbs, P. Morgan-Capner and D. W. Brown, The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: Implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes., Sex Transm Infect, 76 (2000), 183-187.  doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.183.

[21]

A. Wald and K. Link, Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis, J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), 45-52.  doi: 10.1086/338231.

[22]

H. Weiss, Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world, Herpes, 11 (2004), 24A-35A. 

Figure 1.  Flow diagram of the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model. $N=S+H+A+C$
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 2.  Visual illustration of Newton's Method in 1-dimension for finding the solution of $f(x)=0$. As illustrated, the iteration $x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}$ results from finding the root of the tangent line at the current iteration $(x_n, f(x_n))$
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 3.  HIV prevalence in South Africa (% of population ages 15-49 infected with HIV) from 1990-2013. Data from the World Bank, World Development Indicators [18]
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 4.  Flow diagram of the modified Granich et al. HIV model. $I= I_1+I_2+I_3+I_4$, $N = S+I_1+I_2+I_3+I_4$ and $P = \frac{I}{N}$
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 5.  Illustration of population's behavioral response to HIV prevalence in the Granich et al. model via the transmission term $e^{-\alpha P^n}$. Notably, if $n=1$ sexual risk behavior decreases exponentially as a function of HIV prevalence. As $n \to \infty$, the decline in sexual risk behavior approaches a step function
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 6.  Flow diagram of the HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response. The rate of transmission for HIV is given by $\Omega = \lambda e^{-\alpha P^n} \frac{A+r_2 C}{N}$ where $A=A_1+A_2+A_3+A_4$ is the number of people infected with HIV only, $C= C_1+C_2+C_3+C_4$ is the number of coinfected individuals, $N = S+H+A+C$ is the size of the total population and $P = \frac{A+C}{N}$ is the prevalence of HIV. The rate of transmission for HSV-2 is given by $\Psi = \kappa e^{-\alpha P^n} \frac{H+r_3 C}{N}$
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 7.  Dynamics of HIV prevalence and HIV incidence of the first 12 calibrations: horizontal dashed blue line is sampled HIV prevalence at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}$), horizontal dashed red line is sampled peak HIV incidence ($\widehat{I}$) and horizontal dashed gray line is sampled HIV prevalence at the time of peak incidence ($\widehat{P}$). Calibration is successful if HIV prevalence (solid blue curve) approaches $\widehat{A}$ (dashed blue line) as $t \to \infty$; HIV incidence (solid red curve) peaks at $\widehat{I}$ (dashed red line); and HIV prevalence at time of peak incidence is $\widehat{P}$ (solid blue curve, horizontal dashed gray line and the dashed vertical gray line indicating time of peak incidence all intersect at the same point)
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 8.  Behavioral response to HIV prevalence via the transmission term ${e^{-\alpha P^n}}$ for the calibrations with largest $\alpha$ values and the prevalence/incidence curves for those calibrations. Note that the prevalence/incidence curves of Calibrations #4 and #10 are shown in Figure 7
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Table 1.  Model parameters and calibration conditions for the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model. $^\dagger$ Values used in the high HIV burden example; South Africa. $^\ddagger$ Values used in the low HIV burden example; United Kingdom
SymbolBaselineRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Average time in sexually active population (years)${1}/{\mu}$3530-40
Recruitment rate into the sexually active population (/yr)$\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{35}$ $\frac{1}{40}$-$\frac{1}{30}$
Diseased-induced mortality due to HIV infection (/yr)${\mu_A}$$\frac{1}{20}$$^\dagger$$, \frac{1}{100}$$^\ddagger$ $\frac{1}{100}$-$\frac{1}{20}$
Cofactor for increased HIV susceptibility due to HSV-2 infection$r_1$1.801.4-2.4[9,21,13,1]
Cofactor for increased HIV infectivity due to HSV-2 infection$r_2$1.451.2-1.7[1,12,17,4]
Cofactor for increased HSV-2 infectivity due to HIV infection$r_3$1.301.2-1.5[1]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%) $\widehat{A}$17$^\dagger$, 0.3$^\ddagger$0.3-17[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%) $\widehat{H}$50$^\dagger$, 4$^\ddagger$4-50[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Transmission coefficient for HIV$\beta$determined by calibration procedure
Transmission coefficient for HSV-2$\sigma$determined by calibration procedure
Table Options

Download as excel

SymbolBaselineRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Average time in sexually active population (years)${1}/{\mu}$3530-40
Recruitment rate into the sexually active population (/yr)$\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{35}$ $\frac{1}{40}$-$\frac{1}{30}$
Diseased-induced mortality due to HIV infection (/yr)${\mu_A}$$\frac{1}{20}$$^\dagger$$, \frac{1}{100}$$^\ddagger$ $\frac{1}{100}$-$\frac{1}{20}$
Cofactor for increased HIV susceptibility due to HSV-2 infection$r_1$1.801.4-2.4[9,21,13,1]
Cofactor for increased HIV infectivity due to HSV-2 infection$r_2$1.451.2-1.7[1,12,17,4]
Cofactor for increased HSV-2 infectivity due to HIV infection$r_3$1.301.2-1.5[1]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%) $\widehat{A}$17$^\dagger$, 0.3$^\ddagger$0.3-17[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (%) $\widehat{H}$50$^\dagger$, 4$^\ddagger$4-50[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Transmission coefficient for HIV$\beta$determined by calibration procedure
Transmission coefficient for HSV-2$\sigma$determined by calibration procedure
Table 2.  Calibration of the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model for a high prevalence and low prevalence setting; South Africa and the United Kingdom, respectively. Note that $i=0$ the "0th iteration" refers to our initial approximation to the solution of the calibration system (4)-(8). HIV and HSV-2 prevalence at the endemic equilibrium that results from using the $i$th approximations for $\beta$ and $\sigma$ are denoted $\widehat{A}_i$ and $\widehat{H}_i$, respectively. Precision is measured by average absolute value of the calibration system (4)-(8) evaluated at the current approximation (i.e. $\frac{||f(h_i, a_i, c_i, \sigma_i, \beta_i)||_1}{5})$. A stopping criteria of $\max\{|\beta_i-\beta_{i-1}|, |\sigma_i-\sigma_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is used for Newton's Method
$i$$\beta_i$ $\sigma_i$ $\widehat{A}_i$ $\widehat{H}_i$precision$_i$
South Africa (HIV prevalence 15%, HSV-2 prevalence 50%)
00.03671433410.07054505910.00000004470.5949903301 $3.10\times 10^{-3}$
10.05285980590.07703369300.17750254970.4988482844 $2.77\times 10^{-4}$
20.05224297520.07642161420.17001665250.5000125340 $1.44\times 10^{-6}$
30.05224234660.07641811150.17000000000.5000000000 $3.38\times 10^{-11}$
United Kingdom (HIV prevalence 0.3%, HSV-2 prevalence 4%)
00.03535173040.02976636500.00002214200.0401412229 $5.78\times 10^{-6}$
10.03593248500.02977276180.00333687890.0399611984 $1.86 \times 10^{-8}$
20.03591851670.02977275200.00300000000.0400000000 $1.10 \times 10^{-13}$
Table Options

Download as excel

$i$$\beta_i$ $\sigma_i$ $\widehat{A}_i$ $\widehat{H}_i$precision$_i$
South Africa (HIV prevalence 15%, HSV-2 prevalence 50%)
00.03671433410.07054505910.00000004470.5949903301 $3.10\times 10^{-3}$
10.05285980590.07703369300.17750254970.4988482844 $2.77\times 10^{-4}$
20.05224297520.07642161420.17001665250.5000125340 $1.44\times 10^{-6}$
30.05224234660.07641811150.17000000000.5000000000 $3.38\times 10^{-11}$
United Kingdom (HIV prevalence 0.3%, HSV-2 prevalence 4%)
00.03535173040.02976636500.00002214200.0401412229 $5.78\times 10^{-6}$
10.03593248500.02977276180.00333687890.0399611984 $1.86 \times 10^{-8}$
20.03591851670.02977275200.00300000000.0400000000 $1.10 \times 10^{-13}$
Table 3.  Robustness of calibrating the four-compartment $SI$-type HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence at the endemic equilibrium. For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\beta^*, \sigma^*$) and the resulting disease prevalences at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{H}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $\max\{|\beta_i-\beta_{i-1}|, |\sigma_i-\sigma_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$
Sampled parameter values and calibration conditions Calibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$$\mu$$\mu_A$$r_1$$r_2$$r_3$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{H}$$\beta^*$$\sigma^*$$\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{H}^*$$m$
1 0.026 0.028 0.037 1.98 1.65 1.24 0.088 0.276 0.043 0.045 0.088 0.276 4
2 0.033 0.027 0.015 2.39 1.23 1.22 0.146 0.164 0.039 0.035 0.146 0.164 4
3 0.028 0.027 0.022 1.55 1.25 1.23 0.007 0.340 0.037 0.042 0.007 0.340 3
4 0.025 0.032 0.042 2.39 1.52 1.50 0.025 0.275 0.043 0.046 0.025 0.275 3
5 0.025 0.028 0.016 2.24 1.33 1.36 0.145 0.291 0.034 0.042 0.145 0.291 4
6 0.032 0.027 0.021 2.01 1.51 1.28 0.123 0.294 0.034 0.042 0.123 0.294 4
7 0.031 0.033 0.033 1.89 1.57 1.41 0.065 0.290 0.043 0.049 0.065 0.290 4
8 0.031 0.030 0.020 1.67 1.67 1.48 0.110 0.330 0.034 0.046 0.110 0.330 4
9 0.027 0.028 0.030 2.19 1.29 1.45 0.016 0.409 0.033 0.048 0.016 0.409 3
10 0.029 0.028 0.029 1.84 1.67 1.47 0.170 0.134 0.054 0.038 0.170 0.134 4
11 0.025 0.030 0.035 1.66 1.40 1.47 0.147 0.477 0.046 0.066 0.147 0.477 4
12 0.032 0.028 0.022 1.56 1.24 1.37 0.143 0.176 0.050 0.037 0.143 0.176 4
13 0.026 0.028 0.040 1.59 1.54 1.38 0.026 0.419 0.041 0.050 0.026 0.419 3
14 0.027 0.028 0.048 2.14 1.41 1.33 0.025 0.152 0.059 0.036 0.025 0.152 3
15 0.031 0.027 0.044 1.69 1.47 1.43 0.121 0.312 0.055 0.048 0.121 0.312 4
16 0.029 0.033 0.045 1.43 1.42 1.44 0.162 0.354 0.067 0.061 0.162 0.354 4
17 0.028 0.029 0.033 1.54 1.31 1.48 0.118 0.234 0.056 0.042 0.118 0.234 4
18 0.028 0.029 0.012 1.59 1.58 1.32 0.027 0.377 0.026 0.047 0.027 0.377 3
19 0.026 0.029 0.029 1.87 1.24 1.37 0.074 0.315 0.044 0.045 0.074 0.315 4
20 0.033 0.031 0.021 2.39 1.41 1.49 0.145 0.127 0.047 0.037 0.145 0.127 4
21 0.030 0.031 0.017 1.60 1.38 1.39 0.024 0.054 0.046 0.033 0.024 0.054 3
22 0.025 0.032 0.010 1.46 1.46 1.30 0.098 0.412 0.031 0.055 0.098 0.412 4
23 0.029 0.028 0.046 1.64 1.59 1.30 0.150 0.256 0.060 0.049 0.150 0.256 4
24 0.031 0.026 0.044 2.16 1.57 1.50 0.040 0.360 0.038 0.044 0.040 0.360 4
25 0.028 0.030 0.022 2.05 1.54 1.24 0.132 0.093 0.051 0.038 0.132 0.093 4
26 0.033 0.027 0.019 1.64 1.54 1.35 0.140 0.384 0.033 0.048 0.140 0.384 4
27 0.033 0.028 0.025 2.12 1.23 1.43 0.125 0.488 0.034 0.058 0.125 0.488 4
28 0.026 0.030 0.024 2.06 1.20 1.46 0.050 0.497 0.033 0.062 0.050 0.497 3
29 0.028 0.032 0.021 2.35 1.65 1.26 0.117 0.419 0.027 0.059 0.117 0.419 4
30 0.032 0.027 0.014 2.15 1.45 1.40 0.007 0.336 0.023 0.041 0.007 0.336 3
31 0.029 0.028 0.021 2.30 1.32 1.24 0.007 0.416 0.026 0.048 0.007 0.416 3
32 0.031 0.032 0.028 1.98 1.46 1.34 0.143 0.166 0.054 0.044 0.143 0.166 4
33 0.025 0.030 0.012 2.31 1.67 1.36 0.160 0.044 0.045 0.032 0.160 0.044 4
34 0.027 0.025 0.018 1.66 1.25 1.24 0.122 0.099 0.045 0.031 0.122 0.099 3
35 0.029 0.032 0.024 2.00 1.36 1.38 0.141 0.197 0.049 0.044 0.141 0.197 4
36 0.029 0.031 0.012 2.01 1.20 1.45 0.006 0.367 0.027 0.049 0.006 0.367 3
37 0.026 0.028 0.047 2.07 1.60 1.37 0.155 0.070 0.076 0.041 0.155 0.070 4
38 0.032 0.027 0.027 1.84 1.60 1.42 0.161 0.397 0.036 0.051 0.161 0.397 4
39 0.033 0.032 0.043 1.88 1.32 1.38 0.021 0.412 0.047 0.055 0.021 0.412 3
40 0.026 0.033 0.037 1.83 1.66 1.34 0.022 0.390 0.038 0.055 0.022 0.390 3
41 0.033 0.032 0.035 1.86 1.24 1.26 0.073 0.049 0.068 0.038 0.073 0.049 3
42 0.027 0.026 0.031 2.14 1.37 1.33 0.113 0.069 0.057 0.033 0.113 0.069 3
43 0.033 0.027 0.022 1.95 1.41 1.28 0.126 0.217 0.041 0.039 0.126 0.217 4
44 0.030 0.026 0.014 2.34 1.39 1.22 0.119 0.317 0.027 0.041 0.119 0.317 4
45 0.029 0.028 0.021 2.06 1.38 1.22 0.048 0.480 0.026 0.055 0.048 0.480 4
46 0.026 0.027 0.031 1.77 1.67 1.25 0.143 0.439 0.036 0.057 0.143 0.439 4
47 0.029 0.032 0.031 2.09 1.23 1.40 0.030 0.337 0.042 0.050 0.030 0.337 3
48 0.028 0.029 0.025 1.67 1.22 1.35 0.160 0.303 0.049 0.047 0.160 0.303 4
49 0.033 0.033 0.040 1.83 1.62 1.47 0.041 0.375 0.042 0.055 0.041 0.375 4
50 0.029 0.030 0.045 2.23 1.22 1.39 0.044 0.101 0.067 0.037 0.044 0.101 3
Table Options

Download as excel

Sampled parameter values and calibration conditions Calibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$$\mu$$\mu_A$$r_1$$r_2$$r_3$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{H}$$\beta^*$$\sigma^*$$\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{H}^*$$m$
1 0.026 0.028 0.037 1.98 1.65 1.24 0.088 0.276 0.043 0.045 0.088 0.276 4
2 0.033 0.027 0.015 2.39 1.23 1.22 0.146 0.164 0.039 0.035 0.146 0.164 4
3 0.028 0.027 0.022 1.55 1.25 1.23 0.007 0.340 0.037 0.042 0.007 0.340 3
4 0.025 0.032 0.042 2.39 1.52 1.50 0.025 0.275 0.043 0.046 0.025 0.275 3
5 0.025 0.028 0.016 2.24 1.33 1.36 0.145 0.291 0.034 0.042 0.145 0.291 4
6 0.032 0.027 0.021 2.01 1.51 1.28 0.123 0.294 0.034 0.042 0.123 0.294 4
7 0.031 0.033 0.033 1.89 1.57 1.41 0.065 0.290 0.043 0.049 0.065 0.290 4
8 0.031 0.030 0.020 1.67 1.67 1.48 0.110 0.330 0.034 0.046 0.110 0.330 4
9 0.027 0.028 0.030 2.19 1.29 1.45 0.016 0.409 0.033 0.048 0.016 0.409 3
10 0.029 0.028 0.029 1.84 1.67 1.47 0.170 0.134 0.054 0.038 0.170 0.134 4
11 0.025 0.030 0.035 1.66 1.40 1.47 0.147 0.477 0.046 0.066 0.147 0.477 4
12 0.032 0.028 0.022 1.56 1.24 1.37 0.143 0.176 0.050 0.037 0.143 0.176 4
13 0.026 0.028 0.040 1.59 1.54 1.38 0.026 0.419 0.041 0.050 0.026 0.419 3
14 0.027 0.028 0.048 2.14 1.41 1.33 0.025 0.152 0.059 0.036 0.025 0.152 3
15 0.031 0.027 0.044 1.69 1.47 1.43 0.121 0.312 0.055 0.048 0.121 0.312 4
16 0.029 0.033 0.045 1.43 1.42 1.44 0.162 0.354 0.067 0.061 0.162 0.354 4
17 0.028 0.029 0.033 1.54 1.31 1.48 0.118 0.234 0.056 0.042 0.118 0.234 4
18 0.028 0.029 0.012 1.59 1.58 1.32 0.027 0.377 0.026 0.047 0.027 0.377 3
19 0.026 0.029 0.029 1.87 1.24 1.37 0.074 0.315 0.044 0.045 0.074 0.315 4
20 0.033 0.031 0.021 2.39 1.41 1.49 0.145 0.127 0.047 0.037 0.145 0.127 4
21 0.030 0.031 0.017 1.60 1.38 1.39 0.024 0.054 0.046 0.033 0.024 0.054 3
22 0.025 0.032 0.010 1.46 1.46 1.30 0.098 0.412 0.031 0.055 0.098 0.412 4
23 0.029 0.028 0.046 1.64 1.59 1.30 0.150 0.256 0.060 0.049 0.150 0.256 4
24 0.031 0.026 0.044 2.16 1.57 1.50 0.040 0.360 0.038 0.044 0.040 0.360 4
25 0.028 0.030 0.022 2.05 1.54 1.24 0.132 0.093 0.051 0.038 0.132 0.093 4
26 0.033 0.027 0.019 1.64 1.54 1.35 0.140 0.384 0.033 0.048 0.140 0.384 4
27 0.033 0.028 0.025 2.12 1.23 1.43 0.125 0.488 0.034 0.058 0.125 0.488 4
28 0.026 0.030 0.024 2.06 1.20 1.46 0.050 0.497 0.033 0.062 0.050 0.497 3
29 0.028 0.032 0.021 2.35 1.65 1.26 0.117 0.419 0.027 0.059 0.117 0.419 4
30 0.032 0.027 0.014 2.15 1.45 1.40 0.007 0.336 0.023 0.041 0.007 0.336 3
31 0.029 0.028 0.021 2.30 1.32 1.24 0.007 0.416 0.026 0.048 0.007 0.416 3
32 0.031 0.032 0.028 1.98 1.46 1.34 0.143 0.166 0.054 0.044 0.143 0.166 4
33 0.025 0.030 0.012 2.31 1.67 1.36 0.160 0.044 0.045 0.032 0.160 0.044 4
34 0.027 0.025 0.018 1.66 1.25 1.24 0.122 0.099 0.045 0.031 0.122 0.099 3
35 0.029 0.032 0.024 2.00 1.36 1.38 0.141 0.197 0.049 0.044 0.141 0.197 4
36 0.029 0.031 0.012 2.01 1.20 1.45 0.006 0.367 0.027 0.049 0.006 0.367 3
37 0.026 0.028 0.047 2.07 1.60 1.37 0.155 0.070 0.076 0.041 0.155 0.070 4
38 0.032 0.027 0.027 1.84 1.60 1.42 0.161 0.397 0.036 0.051 0.161 0.397 4
39 0.033 0.032 0.043 1.88 1.32 1.38 0.021 0.412 0.047 0.055 0.021 0.412 3
40 0.026 0.033 0.037 1.83 1.66 1.34 0.022 0.390 0.038 0.055 0.022 0.390 3
41 0.033 0.032 0.035 1.86 1.24 1.26 0.073 0.049 0.068 0.038 0.073 0.049 3
42 0.027 0.026 0.031 2.14 1.37 1.33 0.113 0.069 0.057 0.033 0.113 0.069 3
43 0.033 0.027 0.022 1.95 1.41 1.28 0.126 0.217 0.041 0.039 0.126 0.217 4
44 0.030 0.026 0.014 2.34 1.39 1.22 0.119 0.317 0.027 0.041 0.119 0.317 4
45 0.029 0.028 0.021 2.06 1.38 1.22 0.048 0.480 0.026 0.055 0.048 0.480 4
46 0.026 0.027 0.031 1.77 1.67 1.25 0.143 0.439 0.036 0.057 0.143 0.439 4
47 0.029 0.032 0.031 2.09 1.23 1.40 0.030 0.337 0.042 0.050 0.030 0.337 3
48 0.028 0.029 0.025 1.67 1.22 1.35 0.160 0.303 0.049 0.047 0.160 0.303 4
49 0.033 0.033 0.040 1.83 1.62 1.47 0.041 0.375 0.042 0.055 0.041 0.375 4
50 0.029 0.030 0.045 2.23 1.22 1.39 0.044 0.101 0.067 0.037 0.044 0.101 3
Table 4a.  Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the Granich et al. model with behavioral response to HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium. $^\dagger$Baseline value taken from [11]; range is modeling assumption of this work. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV, without loss of generality
SymbolBaselineRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)$\mu$0.018 $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]$^\dagger$
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)$\Lambda$0.018 $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$ $^\ddagger$
Location of transmission term$\alpha$0.0550.05-50[11]$^\dagger$
Shape of transmission term$n$0.9960.90-30[11]$^\dagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)$\rho$0.3030.1-0.4[11]$^\dagger$
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium$\widehat{A}$0.170.3-17[18]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr)$\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Table Options

Download as excel

SymbolBaselineRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)$\mu$0.018 $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]$^\dagger$
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)$\Lambda$0.018 $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$ $^\ddagger$
Location of transmission term$\alpha$0.0550.05-50[11]$^\dagger$
Shape of transmission term$n$0.9960.90-30[11]$^\dagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)$\rho$0.3030.1-0.4[11]$^\dagger$
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium$\widehat{A}$0.170.3-17[18]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr)$\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Table 4b.  Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence. (b) Results of calibrating the Granich et al. model to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions (randomly sampled from ranges above). For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameter ($\lambda^*$) and the resulting HIV prevalence at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}| < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$
Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$$\mu$$\alpha$$n$$\widehat{A}$$\lambda^*$$\widehat{A}^*$$m$
1 0.018 0.021 34.3 29.1 0.115 0.104 0.115 2
2 0.028 0.024 31.7 14.6 0.019 0.065 0.019 2
3 0.022 0.025 5.8 4.9 0.126 0.066 0.126 2
4 0.021 0.019 30.2 6.1 0.142 0.044 0.142 2
5 0.028 0.017 35.9 5.7 0.006 0.097 0.006 2
6 0.026 0.028 8.7 22.0 0.015 0.049 0.015 2
7 0.031 0.018 6.0 27.3 0.061 0.087 0.061 2
8 0.030 0.019 29.9 17.2 0.014 0.077 0.014 2
9 0.024 0.026 32.4 6.3 0.073 0.078 0.073 2
10 0.022 0.022 47.6 18.5 0.125 0.098 0.125 2
11 0.022 0.030 25.0 19.3 0.160 0.124 0.160 2
12 0.023 0.030 49.1 10.6 0.114 0.059 0.114 2
13 0.032 0.017 17.4 14.4 0.061 0.041 0.061 2
14 0.025 0.030 9.0 3.0 0.140 0.063 0.140 2
15 0.020 0.022 8.3 14.9 0.093 0.126 0.093 2
16 0.024 0.028 24.0 23.0 0.060 0.077 0.060 2
17 0.029 0.032 8.0 24.5 0.023 0.108 0.023 2
18 0.025 0.025 25.3 15.1 0.119 0.109 0.119 2
19 0.018 0.031 18.8 29.1 0.126 0.084 0.126 2
20 0.031 0.026 41.9 24.7 0.075 0.107 0.075 2
21 0.027 0.018 22.6 18.3 0.131 0.102 0.131 2
22 0.027 0.019 23.9 12.6 0.106 0.094 0.106 2
23 0.031 0.026 28.6 10.0 0.086 0.095 0.086 2
24 0.019 0.027 45.3 6.9 0.067 0.075 0.067 2
25 0.025 0.033 42.0 7.9 0.040 0.102 0.040 2
26 0.020 0.027 36.7 21.5 0.112 0.085 0.112 2
27 0.020 0.020 24.4 7.2 0.088 0.049 0.088 2
28 0.021 0.026 49.6 25.3 0.154 0.123 0.154 2
29 0.030 0.026 9.8 12.5 0.100 0.072 0.100 2
30 0.021 0.019 2.4 22.5 0.058 0.106 0.058 2
31 0.022 0.026 4.6 23.2 0.098 0.101 0.098 2
32 0.026 0.022 46.7 17.7 0.108 0.090 0.108 2
33 0.029 0.024 5.8 9.6 0.120 0.125 0.120 2
34 0.023 0.030 9.5 17.1 0.027 0.087 0.027 2
35 0.025 0.024 0.7 23.5 0.111 0.117 0.111 2
36 0.021 0.030 16.0 21.0 0.023 0.101 0.023 2
37 0.027 0.018 29.4 6.3 0.165 0.123 0.165 2
38 0.025 0.033 48.2 6.1 0.071 0.096 0.071 2
39 0.027 0.030 12.0 22.4 0.057 0.071 0.057 2
40 0.025 0.033 43.6 4.3 0.017 0.059 0.017 2
41 0.031 0.031 1.7 13.0 0.151 0.075 0.151 2
42 0.031 0.031 26.1 11.1 0.041 0.077 0.041 2
43 0.022 0.024 39.9 16.9 0.100 0.100 0.100 2
44 0.029 0.022 17.7 13.2 0.103 0.061 0.103 2
45 0.023 0.024 6.7 21.4 0.158 0.117 0.158 2
46 0.028 0.023 4.2 10.5 0.082 0.051 0.082 2
47 0.023 0.031 13.1 18.4 0.022 0.084 0.022 2
48 0.031 0.022 46.3 28.3 0.058 0.118 0.058 2
49 0.020 0.025 42.7 27.7 0.077 0.112 0.077 2
50 0.024 0.030 46.1 2.2 0.082 0.085 0.082 2
Table Options

Download as excel

Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$$\mu$$\alpha$$n$$\widehat{A}$$\lambda^*$$\widehat{A}^*$$m$
1 0.018 0.021 34.3 29.1 0.115 0.104 0.115 2
2 0.028 0.024 31.7 14.6 0.019 0.065 0.019 2
3 0.022 0.025 5.8 4.9 0.126 0.066 0.126 2
4 0.021 0.019 30.2 6.1 0.142 0.044 0.142 2
5 0.028 0.017 35.9 5.7 0.006 0.097 0.006 2
6 0.026 0.028 8.7 22.0 0.015 0.049 0.015 2
7 0.031 0.018 6.0 27.3 0.061 0.087 0.061 2
8 0.030 0.019 29.9 17.2 0.014 0.077 0.014 2
9 0.024 0.026 32.4 6.3 0.073 0.078 0.073 2
10 0.022 0.022 47.6 18.5 0.125 0.098 0.125 2
11 0.022 0.030 25.0 19.3 0.160 0.124 0.160 2
12 0.023 0.030 49.1 10.6 0.114 0.059 0.114 2
13 0.032 0.017 17.4 14.4 0.061 0.041 0.061 2
14 0.025 0.030 9.0 3.0 0.140 0.063 0.140 2
15 0.020 0.022 8.3 14.9 0.093 0.126 0.093 2
16 0.024 0.028 24.0 23.0 0.060 0.077 0.060 2
17 0.029 0.032 8.0 24.5 0.023 0.108 0.023 2
18 0.025 0.025 25.3 15.1 0.119 0.109 0.119 2
19 0.018 0.031 18.8 29.1 0.126 0.084 0.126 2
20 0.031 0.026 41.9 24.7 0.075 0.107 0.075 2
21 0.027 0.018 22.6 18.3 0.131 0.102 0.131 2
22 0.027 0.019 23.9 12.6 0.106 0.094 0.106 2
23 0.031 0.026 28.6 10.0 0.086 0.095 0.086 2
24 0.019 0.027 45.3 6.9 0.067 0.075 0.067 2
25 0.025 0.033 42.0 7.9 0.040 0.102 0.040 2
26 0.020 0.027 36.7 21.5 0.112 0.085 0.112 2
27 0.020 0.020 24.4 7.2 0.088 0.049 0.088 2
28 0.021 0.026 49.6 25.3 0.154 0.123 0.154 2
29 0.030 0.026 9.8 12.5 0.100 0.072 0.100 2
30 0.021 0.019 2.4 22.5 0.058 0.106 0.058 2
31 0.022 0.026 4.6 23.2 0.098 0.101 0.098 2
32 0.026 0.022 46.7 17.7 0.108 0.090 0.108 2
33 0.029 0.024 5.8 9.6 0.120 0.125 0.120 2
34 0.023 0.030 9.5 17.1 0.027 0.087 0.027 2
35 0.025 0.024 0.7 23.5 0.111 0.117 0.111 2
36 0.021 0.030 16.0 21.0 0.023 0.101 0.023 2
37 0.027 0.018 29.4 6.3 0.165 0.123 0.165 2
38 0.025 0.033 48.2 6.1 0.071 0.096 0.071 2
39 0.027 0.030 12.0 22.4 0.057 0.071 0.057 2
40 0.025 0.033 43.6 4.3 0.017 0.059 0.017 2
41 0.031 0.031 1.7 13.0 0.151 0.075 0.151 2
42 0.031 0.031 26.1 11.1 0.041 0.077 0.041 2
43 0.022 0.024 39.9 16.9 0.100 0.100 0.100 2
44 0.029 0.022 17.7 13.2 0.103 0.061 0.103 2
45 0.023 0.024 6.7 21.4 0.158 0.117 0.158 2
46 0.028 0.023 4.2 10.5 0.082 0.051 0.082 2
47 0.023 0.031 13.1 18.4 0.022 0.084 0.022 2
48 0.031 0.022 46.3 28.3 0.058 0.118 0.058 2
49 0.020 0.025 42.7 27.7 0.077 0.112 0.077 2
50 0.024 0.030 46.1 2.2 0.082 0.085 0.082 2
Table 5a.  Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV, without loss of generality
SymbolRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)$\mu$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)$\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$ $^\ddagger$
Location of HIV transmission term$\alpha$0.05-50[11]
Shape of HIV transmission term$n$ 0.90-30[11]
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)$\rho$ 0.1-0.4[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)$\widehat{A}$ 0.3-17[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)$\widehat{H}$ 4-50[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)$\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)$\kappa$determined by calibration procedure
Table Options

Download as excel

SymbolRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)$\mu$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)$\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$ $^\ddagger$
Location of HIV transmission term$\alpha$0.05-50[11]
Shape of HIV transmission term$n$ 0.90-30[11]
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)$\rho$ 0.1-0.4[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)$\widehat{A}$ 0.3-17[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium (/yr)$\widehat{H}$ 4-50[2,16,22,20]
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)$\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)$\kappa$determined by calibration procedure
Table 5b.  Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 coinfection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence.(b) Results of calibrating the HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions (randomly sampled from ranges above).For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\lambda^*, \kappa^*$) and the resulting diseases prevalences at equilibrium ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{H}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\kappa_i-\kappa_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$
Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$$\mu$$\rho$$\alpha$$n$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{H} $$\lambda^*$$\kappa^*$$\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{H}^*$$m$
1 0.033 0.030 0.136 25.388 7.775 0.100 0.429 0.040 0.057 0.100 0.429 4
2 0.026 0.025 0.294 25.452 10.004 0.061 0.433 0.057 0.053 0.061 0.433 4
3 0.022 0.032 0.268 9.053 18.416 0.065 0.333 0.066 0.055 0.065 0.333 4
4 0.027 0.022 0.159 30.943 15.777 0.107 0.286 0.042 0.038 0.107 0.286 4
5 0.020 0.032 0.184 35.273 19.612 0.025 0.484 0.033 0.063 0.025 0.484 4
6 0.019 0.017 0.363 46.871 29.933 0.081 0.050 0.105 0.029 0.081 0.050 4
7 0.021 0.026 0.164 35.976 10.444 0.050 0.437 0.034 0.050 0.050 0.437 4
8 0.017 0.023 0.149 45.299 27.869 0.013 0.349 0.031 0.035 0.013 0.349 4
9 0.018 0.022 0.122 2.960 2.103 0.161 0.067 0.050 0.031 0.161 0.067 4
10 0.020 0.025 0.210 47.955 15.737 0.099 0.044 0.072 0.034 0.099 0.044 4
11 0.018 0.021 0.120 22.432 23.321 0.114 0.424 0.028 0.042 0.114 0.424 4
12 0.032 0.023 0.155 27.625 4.781 0.107 0.234 0.044 0.037 0.107 0.234 4
13 0.029 0.027 0.324 36.150 6.654 0.087 0.303 0.063 0.051 0.087 0.303 4
14 0.018 0.020 0.144 29.338 26.770 0.008 0.357 0.027 0.032 0.008 0.357 4
15 0.019 0.032 0.377 42.820 16.166 0.168 0.403 0.084 0.086 0.168 0.403 4
16 0.028 0.017 0.126 15.874 24.707 0.160 0.237 0.041 0.030 0.160 0.237 4
17 0.021 0.024 0.275 14.494 1.718 0.097 0.111 0.111 0.047 0.097 0.111 4
18 0.032 0.026 0.254 14.086 11.617 0.085 0.231 0.053 0.044 0.085 0.231 4
19 0.020 0.030 0.300 18.883 1.811 0.022 0.358 0.054 0.051 0.022 0.358 4
20 0.024 0.024 0.274 5.479 9.004 0.161 0.068 0.091 0.043 0.161 0.068 4
21 0.033 0.024 0.149 26.541 10.778 0.003 0.325 0.032 0.035 0.003 0.325 4
22 0.024 0.031 0.173 0.848 2.736 0.019 0.206 0.050 0.040 0.019 0.206 4
23 0.017 0.020 0.147 35.029 14.683 0.102 0.117 0.046 0.028 0.102 0.117 4
24 0.026 0.030 0.121 23.521 10.510 0.114 0.340 0.036 0.049 0.114 0.340 4
25 0.029 0.030 0.169 35.260 8.151 0.122 0.496 0.035 0.070 0.122 0.496 4
26 0.028 0.031 0.357 19.775 5.288 0.086 0.101 0.094 0.049 0.086 0.101 4
27 0.019 0.030 0.312 8.664 27.919 0.126 0.219 0.080 0.055 0.126 0.219 4
28 0.024 0.021 0.357 4.805 29.623 0.009 0.469 0.056 0.041 0.009 0.469 4
29 0.030 0.020 0.259 32.938 28.889 0.099 0.436 0.052 0.049 0.099 0.436 4
30 0.018 0.017 0.182 4.482 2.045 0.027 0.288 0.041 0.026 0.027 0.288 4
31 0.028 0.026 0.164 26.525 25.949 0.117 0.084 0.058 0.035 0.117 0.084 4
32 0.023 0.020 0.372 39.113 5.546 0.136 0.443 0.075 0.064 0.136 0.443 4
33 0.032 0.022 0.353 1.944 19.318 0.082 0.353 0.084 0.047 0.082 0.353 4
34 0.029 0.031 0.110 2.429 4.162 0.059 0.432 0.026 0.056 0.059 0.432 4
35 0.027 0.024 0.165 47.290 21.058 0.041 0.089 0.051 0.029 0.041 0.089 4
36 0.025 0.022 0.348 17.164 26.863 0.063 0.455 0.076 0.052 0.063 0.455 4
37 0.017 0.024 0.361 9.553 7.454 0.027 0.054 0.103 0.029 0.027 0.054 3
38 0.027 0.022 0.222 46.392 21.362 0.167 0.320 0.051 0.051 0.167 0.320 4
39 0.028 0.018 0.247 21.006 7.505 0.115 0.465 0.046 0.048 0.115 0.465 4
40 0.018 0.026 0.143 34.607 19.392 0.022 0.103 0.046 0.030 0.022 0.103 4
41 0.021 0.033 0.203 46.859 24.756 0.139 0.184 0.068 0.049 0.139 0.184 4
42 0.028 0.021 0.251 22.415 11.566 0.026 0.043 0.072 0.025 0.026 0.043 4
43 0.021 0.020 0.390 14.424 26.982 0.078 0.408 0.079 0.049 0.078 0.408 4
44 0.018 0.017 0.113 4.843 4.594 0.037 0.277 0.028 0.026 0.037 0.277 4
45 0.020 0.028 0.376 2.375 17.141 0.054 0.302 0.083 0.048 0.054 0.302 4
46 0.029 0.023 0.125 2.299 25.985 0.052 0.456 0.024 0.044 0.052 0.456 4
47 0.028 0.033 0.353 34.218 7.959 0.010 0.207 0.081 0.042 0.010 0.207 4
48 0.018 0.033 0.222 38.289 27.674 0.134 0.430 0.046 0.072 0.134 0.430 4
49 0.030 0.022 0.272 25.403 9.279 0.021 0.315 0.054 0.035 0.021 0.315 4
50 0.023 0.030 0.119 2.163 27.532 0.135 0.126 0.051 0.037 0.135 0.126 4
Table Options

Download as excel

Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$$\mu$$\rho$$\alpha$$n$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{H} $$\lambda^*$$\kappa^*$$\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{H}^*$$m$
1 0.033 0.030 0.136 25.388 7.775 0.100 0.429 0.040 0.057 0.100 0.429 4
2 0.026 0.025 0.294 25.452 10.004 0.061 0.433 0.057 0.053 0.061 0.433 4
3 0.022 0.032 0.268 9.053 18.416 0.065 0.333 0.066 0.055 0.065 0.333 4
4 0.027 0.022 0.159 30.943 15.777 0.107 0.286 0.042 0.038 0.107 0.286 4
5 0.020 0.032 0.184 35.273 19.612 0.025 0.484 0.033 0.063 0.025 0.484 4
6 0.019 0.017 0.363 46.871 29.933 0.081 0.050 0.105 0.029 0.081 0.050 4
7 0.021 0.026 0.164 35.976 10.444 0.050 0.437 0.034 0.050 0.050 0.437 4
8 0.017 0.023 0.149 45.299 27.869 0.013 0.349 0.031 0.035 0.013 0.349 4
9 0.018 0.022 0.122 2.960 2.103 0.161 0.067 0.050 0.031 0.161 0.067 4
10 0.020 0.025 0.210 47.955 15.737 0.099 0.044 0.072 0.034 0.099 0.044 4
11 0.018 0.021 0.120 22.432 23.321 0.114 0.424 0.028 0.042 0.114 0.424 4
12 0.032 0.023 0.155 27.625 4.781 0.107 0.234 0.044 0.037 0.107 0.234 4
13 0.029 0.027 0.324 36.150 6.654 0.087 0.303 0.063 0.051 0.087 0.303 4
14 0.018 0.020 0.144 29.338 26.770 0.008 0.357 0.027 0.032 0.008 0.357 4
15 0.019 0.032 0.377 42.820 16.166 0.168 0.403 0.084 0.086 0.168 0.403 4
16 0.028 0.017 0.126 15.874 24.707 0.160 0.237 0.041 0.030 0.160 0.237 4
17 0.021 0.024 0.275 14.494 1.718 0.097 0.111 0.111 0.047 0.097 0.111 4
18 0.032 0.026 0.254 14.086 11.617 0.085 0.231 0.053 0.044 0.085 0.231 4
19 0.020 0.030 0.300 18.883 1.811 0.022 0.358 0.054 0.051 0.022 0.358 4
20 0.024 0.024 0.274 5.479 9.004 0.161 0.068 0.091 0.043 0.161 0.068 4
21 0.033 0.024 0.149 26.541 10.778 0.003 0.325 0.032 0.035 0.003 0.325 4
22 0.024 0.031 0.173 0.848 2.736 0.019 0.206 0.050 0.040 0.019 0.206 4
23 0.017 0.020 0.147 35.029 14.683 0.102 0.117 0.046 0.028 0.102 0.117 4
24 0.026 0.030 0.121 23.521 10.510 0.114 0.340 0.036 0.049 0.114 0.340 4
25 0.029 0.030 0.169 35.260 8.151 0.122 0.496 0.035 0.070 0.122 0.496 4
26 0.028 0.031 0.357 19.775 5.288 0.086 0.101 0.094 0.049 0.086 0.101 4
27 0.019 0.030 0.312 8.664 27.919 0.126 0.219 0.080 0.055 0.126 0.219 4
28 0.024 0.021 0.357 4.805 29.623 0.009 0.469 0.056 0.041 0.009 0.469 4
29 0.030 0.020 0.259 32.938 28.889 0.099 0.436 0.052 0.049 0.099 0.436 4
30 0.018 0.017 0.182 4.482 2.045 0.027 0.288 0.041 0.026 0.027 0.288 4
31 0.028 0.026 0.164 26.525 25.949 0.117 0.084 0.058 0.035 0.117 0.084 4
32 0.023 0.020 0.372 39.113 5.546 0.136 0.443 0.075 0.064 0.136 0.443 4
33 0.032 0.022 0.353 1.944 19.318 0.082 0.353 0.084 0.047 0.082 0.353 4
34 0.029 0.031 0.110 2.429 4.162 0.059 0.432 0.026 0.056 0.059 0.432 4
35 0.027 0.024 0.165 47.290 21.058 0.041 0.089 0.051 0.029 0.041 0.089 4
36 0.025 0.022 0.348 17.164 26.863 0.063 0.455 0.076 0.052 0.063 0.455 4
37 0.017 0.024 0.361 9.553 7.454 0.027 0.054 0.103 0.029 0.027 0.054 3
38 0.027 0.022 0.222 46.392 21.362 0.167 0.320 0.051 0.051 0.167 0.320 4
39 0.028 0.018 0.247 21.006 7.505 0.115 0.465 0.046 0.048 0.115 0.465 4
40 0.018 0.026 0.143 34.607 19.392 0.022 0.103 0.046 0.030 0.022 0.103 4
41 0.021 0.033 0.203 46.859 24.756 0.139 0.184 0.068 0.049 0.139 0.184 4
42 0.028 0.021 0.251 22.415 11.566 0.026 0.043 0.072 0.025 0.026 0.043 4
43 0.021 0.020 0.390 14.424 26.982 0.078 0.408 0.079 0.049 0.078 0.408 4
44 0.018 0.017 0.113 4.843 4.594 0.037 0.277 0.028 0.026 0.037 0.277 4
45 0.020 0.028 0.376 2.375 17.141 0.054 0.302 0.083 0.048 0.054 0.302 4
46 0.029 0.023 0.125 2.299 25.985 0.052 0.456 0.024 0.044 0.052 0.456 4
47 0.028 0.033 0.353 34.218 7.959 0.010 0.207 0.081 0.042 0.010 0.207 4
48 0.018 0.033 0.222 38.289 27.674 0.134 0.430 0.046 0.072 0.134 0.430 4
49 0.030 0.022 0.272 25.403 9.279 0.021 0.315 0.054 0.035 0.021 0.315 4
50 0.023 0.030 0.119 2.163 27.532 0.135 0.126 0.051 0.037 0.135 0.126 4
Table 6a.  Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV, without loss of generality
SymbolRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr) $\mu$$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr) $\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr) $\rho$0.1-0.4[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium $\widehat{A}$0.3-17[18]
Peak HIV incidence $\widehat{I}$ 10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence $\widehat{P}$ 5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr) $\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term $\alpha$determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term $n$determined by calibration procedure
Table Options

Download as excel

SymbolRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr) $\mu$$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr) $\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr) $\rho$0.1-0.4[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium $\widehat{A}$0.3-17[18]
Peak HIV incidence $\widehat{I}$ 10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence $\widehat{P}$ 5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of transmission term (/yr) $\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term $\alpha$determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term $n$determined by calibration procedure
Table 6b.  Calibration of Granich et al. model to HIV prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (b) Results of calibrating the Granich et al. model to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions (randomly sampled from ranges above). For each sample, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\lambda^*, \alpha^*, n^*$) and the resulting calibration values ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{I}^*, \widehat{P}^*$) are given. The number of iterations of Newton's Method required to achieve a stopping criterion of $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\alpha_i-\alpha_{i-1}|, |n_i-n_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ is denoted by $m$
Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$ $\mu$ $\rho$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{I}$$\widehat{P}$ $\lambda^*$ $\alpha^*$ $n^*$ $\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{I}^*$$\widehat{P}^*$ ${m}$
1 0.031 0.028 0.306 0.095 0.016 0.011 224.91 1.22212E+01 0.2 0.095 0.016 0.011 2
2 0.017 0.027 0.115 0.054 0.017 0.036 0.54 2.80696E+09 7.2 0.054 0.017 0.036 2
3 0.031 0.022 0.171 0.015 0.007 0.006 1.82 2.22785E+04 2.1 0.015 0.007 0.006 2
4 0.024 0.026 0.372 0.023 0.009 0.020 0.46 1.09674E+42 25.5 0.023 0.009 0.020 3
5 0.032 0.032 0.192 0.168 0.066 0.151 0.52 1.91294E+33 42.7 0.168 0.066 0.152 3
6 0.022 0.023 0.102 0.120 0.044 0.105 0.48 1.30078E+32 34.4 0.120 0.044 0.104 3
7 0.031 0.018 0.307 0.093 0.013 0.021 15.58 1.04219E+01 0.3 0.093 0.013 0.021 2
8 0.024 0.017 0.224 0.143 0.057 0.037 3.86 3.28571E+01 1.1 0.143 0.057 0.039 2
9 0.027 0.033 0.124 0.160 0.042 0.013 62.63 1.27961E+01 0.3 0.160 0.042 0.014 2
10 0.032 0.023 0.215 0.105 0.029 0.097 0.34 1.15023E+57 58.1 0.105 0.029 0.096 3
11 0.023 0.020 0.138 0.110 0.049 0.064 0.97 2.69922E+05 5.2 0.110 0.049 0.066 2
12 0.032 0.024 0.393 0.102 0.044 0.068 0.80 3.07050E+06 6.3 0.102 0.044 0.070 2
13 0.031 0.018 0.199 0.074 0.013 0.055 0.27 5.60380E+09 8.5 0.074 0.013 0.055 2
14 0.026 0.023 0.386 0.049 0.019 0.018 2.04 2.41472E+02 1.5 0.049 0.019 0.018 2
15 0.033 0.032 0.364 0.138 0.067 0.073 1.32 1.62810E+03 3.3 0.138 0.067 0.071 2
16 0.018 0.032 0.378 0.055 0.010 0.024 1.11 4.61171E+01 1.0 0.055 0.010 0.024 2
17 0.027 0.019 0.254 0.170 0.064 0.075 1.36 1.83155E+02 2.4 0.170 0.064 0.075 2
18 0.018 0.025 0.223 0.062 0.028 0.051 0.62 5.34456E+22 18.6 0.062 0.028 0.050 3
19 0.025 0.017 0.177 0.147 0.058 0.051 2.07 9.90795E+01 1.7 0.147 0.058 0.049 2
20 0.017 0.032 0.337 0.013 0.005 0.012 0.43 2.57848E+149 79.2 0.013 0.005 0.012 3
21 0.031 0.028 0.367 0.083 0.016 0.050 0.48 1.12025E+03 2.7 0.083 0.016 0.050 2
22 0.017 0.023 0.213 0.157 0.035 0.030 6.57 1.27404E+01 0.6 0.157 0.035 0.028 2
23 0.023 0.022 0.278 0.124 0.051 0.010 104.17 1.40918E+01 0.3 0.124 0.051 0.009 2
24 0.020 0.018 0.280 0.044 0.013 0.025 0.69 2.06649E+05 3.7 0.044 0.013 0.025 2
25 0.027 0.023 0.234 0.169 0.018 0.084 0.54 1.16327E+01 1.0 0.169 0.018 0.084 2
26 0.025 0.017 0.112 0.041 0.008 0.018 0.69 5.50369E+03 2.4 0.041 0.008 0.018 2
27 0.021 0.030 0.135 0.146 0.067 0.094 0.90 9.15850E+05 6.6 0.146 0.067 0.093 2
28 0.026 0.022 0.237 0.076 0.014 0.021 2.34 2.52938E+01 0.8 0.076 0.014 0.021 2
29 0.021 0.025 0.245 0.105 0.038 0.092 0.47 2.27510E+28 28.8 0.105 0.038 0.091 3
30 0.021 0.030 0.277 0.119 0.057 0.106 0.62 2.40327E+33 35.8 0.119 0.057 0.107 3
31 0.024 0.017 0.382 0.092 0.017 0.013 137.54 1.16973E+01 0.2 0.092 0.017 0.013 2
32 0.017 0.033 0.111 0.097 0.020 0.034 1.18 9.80157E+01 1.5 0.097 0.020 0.034 2
33 0.023 0.019 0.150 0.041 0.013 0.038 0.36 3.52296E+107 77.2 0.041 0.013 0.039 3
34 0.026 0.019 0.115 0.065 0.020 0.058 0.38 9.88557E+45 38.4 0.065 0.020 0.058 3
35 0.018 0.029 0.133 0.123 0.039 0.046 1.45 1.60470E+02 1.9 0.123 0.039 0.047 2
36 0.018 0.023 0.212 0.128 0.048 0.049 1.72 1.44867E+02 1.9 0.128 0.048 0.050 2
37 0.029 0.022 0.194 0.131 0.036 0.021 9.28 1.59178E+01 0.6 0.131 0.036 0.021 2
38 0.023 0.029 0.113 0.147 0.030 0.120 0.30 2.46362E+14 17.0 0.147 0.030 0.120 2
39 0.030 0.030 0.132 0.093 0.041 0.071 0.66 5.17855E+13 12.9 0.093 0.041 0.071 2
40 0.028 0.032 0.370 0.034 0.007 0.031 0.23 6.39613E+38 26.6 0.034 0.007 0.031 2
41 0.026 0.028 0.264 0.012 0.002 0.010 0.26 7.91021E+25 13.5 0.012 0.002 0.010 2
42 0.022 0.021 0.139 0.038 0.018 0.003 60.79 2.99343E+01 0.4 0.038 0.018 0.003 2
43 0.029 0.025 0.175 0.131 0.044 0.017 16.96 1.61755E+01 0.5 0.131 0.044 0.015 2
44 0.031 0.019 0.163 0.061 0.013 0.042 0.38 6.60195E+08 7.0 0.061 0.013 0.041 2
45 0.021 0.017 0.238 0.141 0.053 0.106 0.61 7.72114E+09 11.3 0.141 0.053 0.104 2
46 0.023 0.027 0.104 0.124 0.052 0.103 0.59 1.88292E+20 22.0 0.124 0.052 0.105 3
47 0.024 0.029 0.295 0.076 0.025 0.052 0.57 9.65496E+07 6.9 0.076 0.024 0.053 2
48 0.027 0.029 0.378 0.106 0.012 0.091 0.21 2.25508E+02 2.7 0.106 0.012 0.091 2
49 0.030 0.033 0.202 0.024 0.003 0.016 0.24 6.01293E+05 3.5 0.024 0.003 0.016 2
50 0.029 0.020 0.116 0.028 0.008 0.007 2.62 2.59513E+02 1.2 0.028 0.008 0.007 2
Table Options

Download as excel

Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$ $\mu$ $\rho$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{I}$$\widehat{P}$ $\lambda^*$ $\alpha^*$ $n^*$ $\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{I}^*$$\widehat{P}^*$ ${m}$
1 0.031 0.028 0.306 0.095 0.016 0.011 224.91 1.22212E+01 0.2 0.095 0.016 0.011 2
2 0.017 0.027 0.115 0.054 0.017 0.036 0.54 2.80696E+09 7.2 0.054 0.017 0.036 2
3 0.031 0.022 0.171 0.015 0.007 0.006 1.82 2.22785E+04 2.1 0.015 0.007 0.006 2
4 0.024 0.026 0.372 0.023 0.009 0.020 0.46 1.09674E+42 25.5 0.023 0.009 0.020 3
5 0.032 0.032 0.192 0.168 0.066 0.151 0.52 1.91294E+33 42.7 0.168 0.066 0.152 3
6 0.022 0.023 0.102 0.120 0.044 0.105 0.48 1.30078E+32 34.4 0.120 0.044 0.104 3
7 0.031 0.018 0.307 0.093 0.013 0.021 15.58 1.04219E+01 0.3 0.093 0.013 0.021 2
8 0.024 0.017 0.224 0.143 0.057 0.037 3.86 3.28571E+01 1.1 0.143 0.057 0.039 2
9 0.027 0.033 0.124 0.160 0.042 0.013 62.63 1.27961E+01 0.3 0.160 0.042 0.014 2
10 0.032 0.023 0.215 0.105 0.029 0.097 0.34 1.15023E+57 58.1 0.105 0.029 0.096 3
11 0.023 0.020 0.138 0.110 0.049 0.064 0.97 2.69922E+05 5.2 0.110 0.049 0.066 2
12 0.032 0.024 0.393 0.102 0.044 0.068 0.80 3.07050E+06 6.3 0.102 0.044 0.070 2
13 0.031 0.018 0.199 0.074 0.013 0.055 0.27 5.60380E+09 8.5 0.074 0.013 0.055 2
14 0.026 0.023 0.386 0.049 0.019 0.018 2.04 2.41472E+02 1.5 0.049 0.019 0.018 2
15 0.033 0.032 0.364 0.138 0.067 0.073 1.32 1.62810E+03 3.3 0.138 0.067 0.071 2
16 0.018 0.032 0.378 0.055 0.010 0.024 1.11 4.61171E+01 1.0 0.055 0.010 0.024 2
17 0.027 0.019 0.254 0.170 0.064 0.075 1.36 1.83155E+02 2.4 0.170 0.064 0.075 2
18 0.018 0.025 0.223 0.062 0.028 0.051 0.62 5.34456E+22 18.6 0.062 0.028 0.050 3
19 0.025 0.017 0.177 0.147 0.058 0.051 2.07 9.90795E+01 1.7 0.147 0.058 0.049 2
20 0.017 0.032 0.337 0.013 0.005 0.012 0.43 2.57848E+149 79.2 0.013 0.005 0.012 3
21 0.031 0.028 0.367 0.083 0.016 0.050 0.48 1.12025E+03 2.7 0.083 0.016 0.050 2
22 0.017 0.023 0.213 0.157 0.035 0.030 6.57 1.27404E+01 0.6 0.157 0.035 0.028 2
23 0.023 0.022 0.278 0.124 0.051 0.010 104.17 1.40918E+01 0.3 0.124 0.051 0.009 2
24 0.020 0.018 0.280 0.044 0.013 0.025 0.69 2.06649E+05 3.7 0.044 0.013 0.025 2
25 0.027 0.023 0.234 0.169 0.018 0.084 0.54 1.16327E+01 1.0 0.169 0.018 0.084 2
26 0.025 0.017 0.112 0.041 0.008 0.018 0.69 5.50369E+03 2.4 0.041 0.008 0.018 2
27 0.021 0.030 0.135 0.146 0.067 0.094 0.90 9.15850E+05 6.6 0.146 0.067 0.093 2
28 0.026 0.022 0.237 0.076 0.014 0.021 2.34 2.52938E+01 0.8 0.076 0.014 0.021 2
29 0.021 0.025 0.245 0.105 0.038 0.092 0.47 2.27510E+28 28.8 0.105 0.038 0.091 3
30 0.021 0.030 0.277 0.119 0.057 0.106 0.62 2.40327E+33 35.8 0.119 0.057 0.107 3
31 0.024 0.017 0.382 0.092 0.017 0.013 137.54 1.16973E+01 0.2 0.092 0.017 0.013 2
32 0.017 0.033 0.111 0.097 0.020 0.034 1.18 9.80157E+01 1.5 0.097 0.020 0.034 2
33 0.023 0.019 0.150 0.041 0.013 0.038 0.36 3.52296E+107 77.2 0.041 0.013 0.039 3
34 0.026 0.019 0.115 0.065 0.020 0.058 0.38 9.88557E+45 38.4 0.065 0.020 0.058 3
35 0.018 0.029 0.133 0.123 0.039 0.046 1.45 1.60470E+02 1.9 0.123 0.039 0.047 2
36 0.018 0.023 0.212 0.128 0.048 0.049 1.72 1.44867E+02 1.9 0.128 0.048 0.050 2
37 0.029 0.022 0.194 0.131 0.036 0.021 9.28 1.59178E+01 0.6 0.131 0.036 0.021 2
38 0.023 0.029 0.113 0.147 0.030 0.120 0.30 2.46362E+14 17.0 0.147 0.030 0.120 2
39 0.030 0.030 0.132 0.093 0.041 0.071 0.66 5.17855E+13 12.9 0.093 0.041 0.071 2
40 0.028 0.032 0.370 0.034 0.007 0.031 0.23 6.39613E+38 26.6 0.034 0.007 0.031 2
41 0.026 0.028 0.264 0.012 0.002 0.010 0.26 7.91021E+25 13.5 0.012 0.002 0.010 2
42 0.022 0.021 0.139 0.038 0.018 0.003 60.79 2.99343E+01 0.4 0.038 0.018 0.003 2
43 0.029 0.025 0.175 0.131 0.044 0.017 16.96 1.61755E+01 0.5 0.131 0.044 0.015 2
44 0.031 0.019 0.163 0.061 0.013 0.042 0.38 6.60195E+08 7.0 0.061 0.013 0.041 2
45 0.021 0.017 0.238 0.141 0.053 0.106 0.61 7.72114E+09 11.3 0.141 0.053 0.104 2
46 0.023 0.027 0.104 0.124 0.052 0.103 0.59 1.88292E+20 22.0 0.124 0.052 0.105 3
47 0.024 0.029 0.295 0.076 0.025 0.052 0.57 9.65496E+07 6.9 0.076 0.024 0.053 2
48 0.027 0.029 0.378 0.106 0.012 0.091 0.21 2.25508E+02 2.7 0.106 0.012 0.091 2
49 0.030 0.033 0.202 0.024 0.003 0.016 0.24 6.01293E+05 3.5 0.024 0.003 0.016 2
50 0.029 0.020 0.116 0.028 0.008 0.007 2.62 2.59513E+02 1.2 0.028 0.008 0.007 2
Table 7a.  Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to HIV prevalence, HSV-2 prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (a) Model parameters and calibration conditions for parameterizing the HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to HIV and HSV-2 prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. $^\ddagger$Recruitment rate range is same as background mortality to give a total population of 1 in the absence of HIV
SymbolRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)$\mu$$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)$\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)$\rho$0.1-0.4[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium$\widehat{A}$0.3-17[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium$\widehat{H}$4-50[2,16,22,20]
Peak HIV incidence$\widehat{I}$ 10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence$\widehat{P}$ 5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)$\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)$\kappa$determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term$\alpha$determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term$n$determined by calibration procedure
Table Options

Download as excel

SymbolRangeReferences
Model Parameters
Background mortality rate (/yr)$\mu$$\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$[11]
Recruitment rate into the population (/yr)$\Lambda$ $\frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30}$$^\ddagger$
Rate of HIV progression (/yr)$\rho$0.1-0.4[11]
Calibration Conditions
HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium$\widehat{A}$0.3-17[18]
HSV-2 prevalence at endemic equilibrium$\widehat{H}$4-50[2,16,22,20]
Peak HIV incidence$\widehat{I}$ 10%-50% of $\widehat{A}$
HIV prevalence at time of peak HIV incidence$\widehat{P}$ 5%-95% of $\widehat{A}$
Calibration Parameters
Initial value of HIV transmission term (/yr)$\lambda$determined by calibration procedure
Initial value of HSV-2 transmission term (/yr)$\kappa$determined by calibration procedure
Location of transmission term$\alpha$determined by calibration procedure
Shape of transmission term$n$determined by calibration procedure
Table 7b.  Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to HIV prevalence, HSV-2 prevalence, peak HIV incidence and timing of peak HIV incidence. (b) Calibration of HIV/HSV-2 confection model with behavioral response to 50 independent sets of parameters and calibration conditions. For each sample $j=1, 2, ..., 50$, the resulting values of the calibration parameters ($\lambda^*, \kappa^*, \alpha^*, n^*$) and the resulting calibration values ($\widehat{A}^*, \widehat{H}^*, \widehat{I}^*, \widehat{P}^*$) are given. Number of iterations required to satisfy the stopping criteria of Steps 1 and 2 (i.e. $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\alpha_i-\alpha_{i-1}|, |n_i-n_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$ and $\max\{|\lambda_i-\lambda_{i-1}|, |\kappa_i-\kappa_{i-1}|\} < 10^{-9}$) denoted ${m}_1$ and ${m}_2$, respectively
Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$ $\mu$ $\rho$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{H}$$\widehat{I}$ $\widehat{P}$ $\lambda^*$ $\kappa^*$ $\alpha^*$ $n^*$ $\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{H}^*$$\widehat{I}^*$ $\widehat{P}^*$ ${m}_1$ ${m}_2$
1 0.019 0.030 0.245 0.066 0.278 0.017 0.007 27.363 24.30 1.57188E+01 0.3 0.066 0.278 0.023 0.010 2 4
2 0.033 0.019 0.222 0.073 0.499 0.026 0.032 0.623 0.82 1.33110E+03 2.4 0.073 0.499 0.037 0.033 2 4
3 0.018 0.021 0.119 0.105 0.422 0.012 0.028 0.980 1.32 2.00261E+01 0.8 0.105 0.422 0.017 0.030 2 4
4 0.027 0.027 0.183 0.149 0.314 0.025 0.022 9.194 9.80 1.09897E+01 0.4 0.149 0.314 0.036 0.028 2 4
5 0.027 0.021 0.271 0.087 0.125 0.026 0.059 0.462 0.20 1.78937E+07 6.6 0.087 0.125 0.033 0.059 2 4
6 0.027 0.020 0.366 0.013 0.383 0.004 0.010 0.267 0.14 1.04947E+22 11.5 0.013 0.383 0.005 0.010 2 4
7 0.027 0.017 0.101 0.035 0.475 0.011 0.014 0.726 1.09 5.92861E+03 2.2 0.035 0.475 0.014 0.014 2 4
8 0.027 0.025 0.127 0.102 0.408 0.042 0.072 0.407 0.59 1.09128E+10 9.7 0.102 0.408 0.063 0.073 2 4
9 0.027 0.033 0.171 0.042 0.456 0.013 0.009 2.812 4.86 5.02452E+01 0.8 0.042 0.456 0.017 0.010 2 4
10 0.022 0.027 0.188 0.088 0.167 0.030 0.032 1.258 0.95 1.90229E+02 1.7 0.088 0.167 0.045 0.035 2 4
11 0.017 0.024 0.393 0.068 0.354 0.012 0.031 0.593 0.43 4.13872E+01 1.1 0.068 0.354 0.016 0.031 2 4
12 0.022 0.021 0.132 0.108 0.446 0.022 0.086 0.145 0.25 1.00813E+14 14.3 0.108 0.446 0.032 0.085 2 4
13 0.022 0.018 0.274 0.090 0.325 0.027 0.041 0.664 0.44 5.42991E+02 2.2 0.090 0.325 0.037 0.042 2 4
14 0.030 0.029 0.158 0.154 0.447 0.053 0.024 5.053 8.46 1.69047E+01 0.7 0.154 0.447 0.078 0.026 2 4
15 0.020 0.021 0.315 0.099 0.064 0.032 0.087 0.349 0.15 2.83629E+28 28.2 0.099 0.064 0.042 0.088 2 4
16 0.029 0.032 0.213 0.013 0.174 0.004 0.010 0.319 0.25 3.11897E+23 12.3 0.013 0.174 0.007 0.010 2 4
17 0.019 0.026 0.225 0.087 0.313 0.019 0.031 0.941 0.77 6.22601E+01 1.3 0.087 0.313 0.026 0.031 2 4
18 0.017 0.021 0.251 0.092 0.265 0.013 0.027 1.891 1.09 1.44818E+01 0.6 0.092 0.265 0.016 0.029 2 4
19 0.026 0.030 0.167 0.098 0.242 0.016 0.041 0.531 0.50 8.84472E+01 1.5 0.098 0.242 0.024 0.043 2 4
20 0.032 0.018 0.162 0.004 0.253 0.001 0.003 0.315 0.21 1.69847E+39 16.4 0.004 0.253 0.002 0.004 2 4
21 0.023 0.018 0.317 0.114 0.205 0.050 0.024 5.369 2.61 2.49145E+01 0.8 0.114 0.205 0.063 0.025 2 4
22 0.022 0.018 0.349 0.097 0.156 0.013 0.043 1.036 0.37 1.20336E+01 0.7 0.097 0.156 0.015 0.047 2 4
23 0.020 0.021 0.121 0.112 0.244 0.015 0.038 0.671 0.62 4.06640E+01 1.2 0.112 0.244 0.023 0.041 2 4
24 0.021 0.022 0.275 0.131 0.207 0.044 0.109 0.321 0.22 9.01245E+16 19.0 0.131 0.207 0.068 0.111 2 4
25 0.033 0.027 0.128 0.048 0.134 0.021 0.040 0.412 0.35 1.47565E+32 24.1 0.048 0.134 0.038 0.040 2 4
26 0.031 0.032 0.232 0.017 0.195 0.004 0.007 1.048 0.71 1.01842E+03 1.5 0.017 0.195 0.006 0.007 2 4
27 0.032 0.032 0.183 0.163 0.278 0.022 0.141 0.132 0.12 4.93217E+16 21.3 0.163 0.278 0.031 0.142 2 4
28 0.030 0.027 0.363 0.080 0.128 0.031 0.041 0.975 0.39 2.89175E+03 2.8 0.080 0.128 0.036 0.042 2 4
29 0.032 0.026 0.199 0.033 0.041 0.010 0.006 6.908 3.13 4.36917E+01 0.7 0.033 0.041 0.011 0.006 2 4
30 0.017 0.026 0.211 0.018 0.071 0.004 0.006 1.130 0.53 4.52802E+02 1.2 0.018 0.071 0.004 0.006 2 4
31 0.027 0.017 0.339 0.008 0.434 0.001 0.003 0.583 0.36 2.40135E+02 1.0 0.008 0.434 0.002 0.004 2 4
32 0.033 0.029 0.151 0.103 0.352 0.019 0.089 0.158 0.19 1.69030E+26 26.4 0.103 0.352 0.028 0.090 2 4
33 0.026 0.027 0.150 0.111 0.363 0.051 0.074 0.471 0.63 5.48670E+07 7.7 0.111 0.363 0.080 0.076 2 4
34 0.029 0.028 0.327 0.118 0.083 0.041 0.025 6.144 2.99 1.75725E+01 0.7 0.118 0.083 0.051 0.028 2 4
35 0.026 0.019 0.298 0.063 0.433 0.012 0.056 0.107 0.11 8.21837E+39 33.2 0.063 0.433 0.017 0.057 2 4
36 0.019 0.028 0.222 0.102 0.162 0.022 0.018 6.609 4.04 1.50967E+01 0.5 0.102 0.162 0.029 0.021 2 4
37 0.025 0.017 0.321 0.153 0.449 0.023 0.029 13.872 14.87 9.29399E+00 0.3 0.153 0.449 0.033 0.035 3 4
38 0.017 0.026 0.306 0.152 0.272 0.028 0.089 0.310 0.24 2.90089E+02 2.8 0.152 0.272 0.039 0.090 2 4
39 0.021 0.028 0.220 0.027 0.130 0.009 0.015 0.748 0.41 4.01353E+05 3.3 0.027 0.130 0.012 0.015 2 4
40 0.021 0.018 0.102 0.105 0.395 0.049 0.027 2.254 3.06 9.83595E+01 1.4 0.105 0.395 0.071 0.031 2 4
41 0.026 0.021 0.354 0.080 0.480 0.018 0.037 0.437 0.45 1.73014E+02 1.8 0.080 0.480 0.025 0.039 2 4
42 0.017 0.029 0.170 0.124 0.043 0.031 0.107 0.315 0.17 1.61848E+24 26.5 0.124 0.043 0.032 0.108 2 4
43 0.031 0.031 0.370 0.064 0.332 0.012 0.011 31.695 19.29 1.22280E+01 0.3 0.064 0.332 0.014 0.014 2 4
44 0.031 0.026 0.143 0.010 0.375 0.004 0.001 54.142 84.59 3.92541E+01 0.4 0.010 0.375 0.006 0.001 2 4
45 0.021 0.024 0.244 0.098 0.287 0.014 0.019 7.851 6.15 1.13403E+01 0.4 0.098 0.287 0.019 0.022 3 4
46 0.023 0.021 0.385 0.120 0.139 0.052 0.021 11.064 4.83 1.65212E+01 0.6 0.120 0.139 0.063 0.022 2 4
47 0.020 0.032 0.166 0.122 0.420 0.028 0.010 36.862 65.08 1.30911E+01 0.3 0.122 0.420 0.040 0.012 2 4
48 0.024 0.025 0.323 0.152 0.235 0.029 0.101 0.260 0.18 4.59014E+03 4.4 0.152 0.235 0.043 0.102 2 4
49 0.025 0.026 0.384 0.031 0.171 0.011 0.006 6.999 3.11 3.49139E+01 0.6 0.031 0.171 0.014 0.007 2 4
50 0.025 0.018 0.313 0.052 0.479 0.012 0.004 165.669 157.22 1.52477E+01 0.2 0.052 0.479 0.014 0.006 2 4
Table Options

Download as excel

Sampled parameters and calibration conditionCalibration results
$j$ $\Lambda$ $\mu$ $\rho$$\widehat{A}$$\widehat{H}$$\widehat{I}$ $\widehat{P}$ $\lambda^*$ $\kappa^*$ $\alpha^*$ $n^*$ $\widehat{A}^*$$\widehat{H}^*$$\widehat{I}^*$ $\widehat{P}^*$ ${m}_1$ ${m}_2$
1 0.019 0.030 0.245 0.066 0.278 0.017 0.007 27.363 24.30 1.57188E+01 0.3 0.066 0.278 0.023 0.010 2 4
2 0.033 0.019 0.222 0.073 0.499 0.026 0.032 0.623 0.82 1.33110E+03 2.4 0.073 0.499 0.037 0.033 2 4
3 0.018 0.021 0.119 0.105 0.422 0.012 0.028 0.980 1.32 2.00261E+01 0.8 0.105 0.422 0.017 0.030 2 4
4 0.027 0.027 0.183 0.149 0.314 0.025 0.022 9.194 9.80 1.09897E+01 0.4 0.149 0.314 0.036 0.028 2 4
5 0.027 0.021 0.271 0.087 0.125 0.026 0.059 0.462 0.20 1.78937E+07 6.6 0.087 0.125 0.033 0.059 2 4
6 0.027 0.020 0.366 0.013 0.383 0.004 0.010 0.267 0.14 1.04947E+22 11.5 0.013 0.383 0.005 0.010 2 4
7 0.027 0.017 0.101 0.035 0.475 0.011 0.014 0.726 1.09 5.92861E+03 2.2 0.035 0.475 0.014 0.014 2 4
8 0.027 0.025 0.127 0.102 0.408 0.042 0.072 0.407 0.59 1.09128E+10 9.7 0.102 0.408 0.063 0.073 2 4
9 0.027 0.033 0.171 0.042 0.456 0.013 0.009 2.812 4.86 5.02452E+01 0.8 0.042 0.456 0.017 0.010 2 4
10 0.022 0.027 0.188 0.088 0.167 0.030 0.032 1.258 0.95 1.90229E+02 1.7 0.088 0.167 0.045 0.035 2 4
11 0.017 0.024 0.393 0.068 0.354 0.012 0.031 0.593 0.43 4.13872E+01 1.1 0.068 0.354 0.016 0.031 2 4
12 0.022 0.021 0.132 0.108 0.446 0.022 0.086 0.145 0.25 1.00813E+14 14.3 0.108 0.446 0.032 0.085 2 4
13 0.022 0.018 0.274 0.090 0.325 0.027 0.041 0.664 0.44 5.42991E+02 2.2 0.090 0.325 0.037 0.042 2 4
14 0.030 0.029 0.158 0.154 0.447 0.053 0.024 5.053 8.46 1.69047E+01 0.7 0.154 0.447 0.078 0.026 2 4
15 0.020 0.021 0.315 0.099 0.064 0.032 0.087 0.349 0.15 2.83629E+28 28.2 0.099 0.064 0.042 0.088 2 4
16 0.029 0.032 0.213 0.013 0.174 0.004 0.010 0.319 0.25 3.11897E+23 12.3 0.013 0.174 0.007 0.010 2 4
17 0.019 0.026 0.225 0.087 0.313 0.019 0.031 0.941 0.77 6.22601E+01 1.3 0.087 0.313 0.026 0.031 2 4
18 0.017 0.021 0.251 0.092 0.265 0.013 0.027 1.891 1.09 1.44818E+01 0.6 0.092 0.265 0.016 0.029 2 4
19 0.026 0.030 0.167 0.098 0.242 0.016 0.041 0.531 0.50 8.84472E+01 1.5 0.098 0.242 0.024 0.043 2 4
20 0.032 0.018 0.162 0.004 0.253 0.001 0.003 0.315 0.21 1.69847E+39 16.4 0.004 0.253 0.002 0.004 2 4
21 0.023 0.018 0.317 0.114 0.205 0.050 0.024 5.369 2.61 2.49145E+01 0.8 0.114 0.205 0.063 0.025 2 4
22 0.022 0.018 0.349 0.097 0.156 0.013 0.043 1.036 0.37 1.20336E+01 0.7 0.097 0.156 0.015 0.047 2 4
23 0.020 0.021 0.121 0.112 0.244 0.015 0.038 0.671 0.62 4.06640E+01 1.2 0.112 0.244 0.023 0.041 2 4
24 0.021 0.022 0.275 0.131 0.207 0.044 0.109 0.321 0.22 9.01245E+16 19.0 0.131 0.207 0.068 0.111 2 4
25 0.033 0.027 0.128 0.048 0.134 0.021 0.040 0.412 0.35 1.47565E+32 24.1 0.048 0.134 0.038 0.040 2 4
26 0.031 0.032 0.232 0.017 0.195 0.004 0.007 1.048 0.71 1.01842E+03 1.5 0.017 0.195 0.006 0.007 2 4
27 0.032 0.032 0.183 0.163 0.278 0.022 0.141 0.132 0.12 4.93217E+16 21.3 0.163 0.278 0.031 0.142 2 4
28 0.030 0.027 0.363 0.080 0.128 0.031 0.041 0.975 0.39 2.89175E+03 2.8 0.080 0.128 0.036 0.042 2 4
29 0.032 0.026 0.199 0.033 0.041 0.010 0.006 6.908 3.13 4.36917E+01 0.7 0.033 0.041 0.011 0.006 2 4
30 0.017 0.026 0.211 0.018 0.071 0.004 0.006 1.130 0.53 4.52802E+02 1.2 0.018 0.071 0.004 0.006 2 4
31 0.027 0.017 0.339 0.008 0.434 0.001 0.003 0.583 0.36 2.40135E+02 1.0 0.008 0.434 0.002 0.004 2 4
32 0.033 0.029 0.151 0.103 0.352 0.019 0.089 0.158 0.19 1.69030E+26 26.4 0.103 0.352 0.028 0.090 2 4
33 0.026 0.027 0.150 0.111 0.363 0.051 0.074 0.471 0.63 5.48670E+07 7.7 0.111 0.363 0.080 0.076 2 4
34 0.029 0.028 0.327 0.118 0.083 0.041 0.025 6.144 2.99 1.75725E+01 0.7 0.118 0.083 0.051 0.028 2 4
35 0.026 0.019 0.298 0.063 0.433 0.012 0.056 0.107 0.11 8.21837E+39 33.2 0.063 0.433 0.017 0.057 2 4
36 0.019 0.028 0.222 0.102 0.162 0.022 0.018 6.609 4.04 1.50967E+01 0.5 0.102 0.162 0.029 0.021 2 4
37 0.025 0.017 0.321 0.153 0.449 0.023 0.029 13.872 14.87 9.29399E+00 0.3 0.153 0.449 0.033 0.035 3 4
38 0.017 0.026 0.306 0.152 0.272 0.028 0.089 0.310 0.24 2.90089E+02 2.8 0.152 0.272 0.039 0.090 2 4
39 0.021 0.028 0.220 0.027 0.130 0.009 0.015 0.748 0.41 4.01353E+05 3.3 0.027 0.130 0.012 0.015 2 4
40 0.021 0.018 0.102 0.105 0.395 0.049 0.027 2.254 3.06 9.83595E+01 1.4 0.105 0.395 0.071 0.031 2 4
41 0.026 0.021 0.354 0.080 0.480 0.018 0.037 0.437 0.45 1.73014E+02 1.8 0.080 0.480 0.025 0.039 2 4
42 0.017 0.029 0.170 0.124 0.043 0.031 0.107 0.315 0.17 1.61848E+24 26.5 0.124 0.043 0.032 0.108 2 4
43 0.031 0.031 0.370 0.064 0.332 0.012 0.011 31.695 19.29 1.22280E+01 0.3 0.064 0.332 0.014 0.014 2 4
44 0.031 0.026 0.143 0.010 0.375 0.004 0.001 54.142 84.59 3.92541E+01 0.4 0.010 0.375 0.006 0.001 2 4
45 0.021 0.024 0.244 0.098 0.287 0.014 0.019 7.851 6.15 1.13403E+01 0.4 0.098 0.287 0.019 0.022 3 4
46 0.023 0.021 0.385 0.120 0.139 0.052 0.021 11.064 4.83 1.65212E+01 0.6 0.120 0.139 0.063 0.022 2 4
47 0.020 0.032 0.166 0.122 0.420 0.028 0.010 36.862 65.08 1.30911E+01 0.3 0.122 0.420 0.040 0.012 2 4
48 0.024 0.025 0.323 0.152 0.235 0.029 0.101 0.260 0.18 4.59014E+03 4.4 0.152 0.235 0.043 0.102 2 4
49 0.025 0.026 0.384 0.031 0.171 0.011 0.006 6.999 3.11 3.49139E+01 0.6 0.031 0.171 0.014 0.007 2 4
50 0.025 0.018 0.313 0.052 0.479 0.012 0.004 165.669 157.22 1.52477E+01 0.2 0.052 0.479 0.014 0.006 2 4
[1]

Georgi Kapitanov, Christina Alvey, Katia Vogt-Geisse, Zhilan Feng. An age-structured model for the coupled dynamics of HIV and HSV-2. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2015, 12 (4) : 803-840. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.803
[2]

Helen Moore, Weiqing Gu. A mathematical model for treatment-resistant mutations of HIV. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2005, 2 (2) : 363-380. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2005.2.363
[3]

Krzysztof Fujarewicz, Marek Kimmel, Andrzej Swierniak. On Fitting Of Mathematical Models Of Cell Signaling Pathways Using Adjoint Systems. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2005, 2 (3) : 527-534. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2005.2.527
[4]

Victor Fabian Morales-Delgado, José Francisco Gómez-Aguilar, Marco Antonio Taneco-Hernández. Mathematical modeling approach to the fractional Bergman's model. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020, 13 (3) : 805-821. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020046
[5]

Zindoga Mukandavire, Abba B. Gumel, Winston Garira, Jean Michel Tchuenche. Mathematical analysis of a model for HIV-malaria co-infection. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2009, 6 (2) : 333-362. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2009.6.333
[6]

Xinyue Fan, Claude-Michel Brauner, Linda Wittkop. Mathematical analysis of a HIV model with quadratic logistic growth term. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2012, 17 (7) : 2359-2385. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2012.17.2359
[7]

Shingo Iwami, Shinji Nakaoka, Yasuhiro Takeuchi. Mathematical analysis of a HIV model with frequency dependence and viral diversity. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2008, 5 (3) : 457-476. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2008.5.457
[8]

Tyson Loudon, Stephen Pankavich. Mathematical analysis and dynamic active subspaces for a long term model of HIV. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2017, 14 (3) : 709-733. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2017040
[9]

Yuan Yuan, Xianlong Fu. Mathematical analysis of an age-structured HIV model with intracellular delay. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2022, 27 (4) : 2077-2106. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021123
[10]

Arni S. R. Srinivasa Rao, Kurien Thomas, Kurapati Sudhakar, Philip K. Maini. HIV/AIDS epidemic in India and predicting the impact of the national response: Mathematical modeling and analysis. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2009, 6 (4) : 779-813. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2009.6.779
[11]

Cory D. Hauck, Michael Herty, Giuseppe Visconti. Qualitative properties of mathematical model for data flow. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2021, 16 (4) : 513-533. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2021015
[12]

Nirav Dalal, David Greenhalgh, Xuerong Mao. Mathematical modelling of internal HIV dynamics. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2009, 12 (2) : 305-321. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2009.12.305
[13]

Tinevimbo Shiri, Winston Garira, Senelani D. Musekwa. A two-strain HIV-1 mathematical model to assess the effects of chemotherapy on disease parameters. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2005, 2 (4) : 811-832. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2005.2.811
[14]

Nikolay Pertsev, Konstantin Loginov, Gennady Bocharov. Nonlinear effects in the dynamics of HIV-1 infection predicted by mathematical model with multiple delays. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020, 13 (9) : 2365-2384. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020141
[15]

Hee-Dae Kwon, Jeehyun Lee, Myoungho Yoon. An age-structured model with immune response of HIV infection: Modeling and optimal control approach. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2014, 19 (1) : 153-172. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2014.19.153
[16]

Laurent Devineau, Pierre-Edouard Arrouy, Paul Bonnefoy, Alexandre Boumezoued. Fast calibration of the Libor market model with stochastic volatility and displaced diffusion. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2020, 16 (4) : 1699-1729. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2019025
[17]

Avner Friedman, Wenrui Hao. Mathematical modeling of liver fibrosis. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2017, 14 (1) : 143-164. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2017010
[18]

Lih-Ing W. Roeger, Z. Feng, Carlos Castillo-Chávez. Modeling TB and HIV co-infections. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2009, 6 (4) : 815-837. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2009.6.815
[19]

H. T. Banks, Robert Baraldi, Karissa Cross, Kevin Flores, Christina McChesney, Laura Poag, Emma Thorpe. Uncertainty quantification in modeling HIV viral mechanics. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2015, 12 (5) : 937-964. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.937
[20]

Hem Joshi, Suzanne Lenhart, Kendra Albright, Kevin Gipson. Modeling the effect of information campaigns on the HIV epidemic in Uganda. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2008, 5 (4) : 757-770. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2008.5.757

2018 Impact Factor: 1.313

Tools

Metrics

  • PDF downloads (415)
  • HTML views (218)
  • Cited by (3)

Other articles
by authors

[Back to Top]

Copyright © 2022 American Institute of Mathematical Sciences | Privacy Policy