Finite element error estimates for one-dimensional elliptic optimal control by BV-functions

Dominik Hafemeyer; Florian Mannel; Ira Neitzel; Boris Vexler

doi:10.3934/mcrf.2019041

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June 2020, 10(2): 333-363. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2019041

Finite element error estimates for one-dimensional elliptic optimal control by BV-functions

Dominik Hafemeyer ^1,, , Florian Mannel ^2, , Ira Neitzel ^3, and Boris Vexler ^1,

1.	Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
2.	Institute of Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 36, 8010 Graz, Austria
3.	Institute for Numerical Simulation, Universität Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115 Bonn, Germany

^* Corresponding author: Dominik Hafemeyer

Received February 2019 Revised June 2019 Published August 2019

We consider an optimal control problem governed by a one-dimensional elliptic equation that involves univariate functions of bounded variation as controls. For the discretization of the state equation we use linear finite elements and for the control discretization we analyze two strategies. First, we use variational discretization of the control and show that the $ L^2 $- and $ L^\infty $-error for the state and the adjoint state are of order $ {\mathcal O}(h^2) $ and that the $ L^1 $-error of the control behaves like $ {\mathcal O}(h^2) $, too. These results rely on a structural assumption that implies that the optimal control of the original problem is piecewise constant and that the adjoint state has nonvanishing first derivative at the jump points of the control. If, second, piecewise constant control discretization is used, we obtain $ L^2 $-error estimates of order $ \mathcal{O}(h) $ for the state and $ W^{1, \infty} $-error estimates of order $ \mathcal{O}(h) $ for the adjoint state. Under the same structural assumption as before we derive an $ L^1 $-error estimate of order $ \mathcal{O}(h) $ for the control. We discuss optimization algorithms and provide numerical results for both discretization schemes indicating that the error estimates are optimal.

Keywords: Optimal control, BV-functions, optimality conditions, numerical analysis, finite elements.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 26A45, 49J20, 49M25, 65N15, 65N30.

Citation: Dominik Hafemeyer, Florian Mannel, Ira Neitzel, Boris Vexler. Finite element error estimates for one-dimensional elliptic optimal control by BV-functions. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2020, 10 (2) : 333-363. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2019041

References:

[1]	W. Alt, R. Baier, F. Lempio and M. Gerdts, Approximations of linear control problems with bang-bang solutions, Optimization, 62 (2013), 9-32. doi: 10.1080/02331934.2011.568619. Google Scholar
[2]	W. Alt, U. Felgenhauer and M. Seydenschwanz, Euler discretization for a class of nonlinear optimal control problems with control appearing linearly, Comput. Optim. Appl., 69 (2018), 825-856. doi: 10.1007/s10589-017-9969-7. Google Scholar
[3]	L. Ambrosio, N. Fusco and D. Pallara, Functions of Bounded Variation and Free Discontinuity Problems, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. Google Scholar
[4]	H. Attouch, G. Buttazzo and G. Michaille, Variational Analysis in Sobolev and BV Spaces. Applications to PDEs and Optimization, Second edition. MOS-SIAM Series on Optimization, 17. SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, Mathematical Optimization Society, 2014. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611973488. Google Scholar
[5]	S. Bartels, Total variation minimization with finite elements: Convergence and iterative solution, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 50 (2012), 1162-1180. doi: 10.1137/11083277X. Google Scholar
[6]	S. Bartels and M. Milicevic, Iterative finite element solution of a constrained total variation regularized model problem, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 10 (2017), 1207-1232. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2017066. Google Scholar
[7]	L. Bonifacius, K. Pieper and B Vexler, Error estimates for space-time discretization of parabolic time-optimal control problems with bang-bang controls, SIAM J. Control Optim., 57 (2019), 1730-1756. doi: 10.1137/18M1213816. Google Scholar
[8]	K. Bredies and D. Vicente, A perfect reconstruction property for pde-constrained total-variation minimization with application in quantitative susceptibility mapping, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., Accepted for Publication. Google Scholar
[9]	S. C. Brenner and L. R. Scott, The Mathematical Theory of Finite Element Methods, Third edition, Texts in Applied Mathematics, 15. Springer, New York, 2008. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-75934-0. Google Scholar
[10]	J. Casado-Díaz, C. Castro, M. Luna-Laynez and E. Zuazua, Numerical approximation of a one-dimensional elliptic optimal design problem, Multiscale Model. Simul., 9 (2011), 1181-1216. doi: 10.1137/10081928X. Google Scholar
[11]	E. Casas, C. Clason and K. Kunisch, Approximation of elliptic control problems in measure spaces with sparse solutions, SIAM J. Control Optim., 50 (2012), 1735-1752. doi: 10.1137/110843216. Google Scholar
[12]	E. Casas, C. Clason and K. Kunisch, Parabolic control problems in measure spaces with sparse solutions, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 28-63. doi: 10.1137/120872395. Google Scholar
[13]	E. Casas, P. Kogut and G. Leugering, Approximation of optimal control problems in the coefficient for the $p$-Laplace equation. I. convergence result, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1406-1422. doi: 10.1137/15M1028108. Google Scholar
[14]	E. Casas, F. Kruse and K. Kunisch, Optimal control of semilinear parabolic equations by BV-functions, SIAM J. Control Optim., 55 (2017), 1752-1788. doi: 10.1137/16M1056511. Google Scholar
[15]	E. Casas and K. Kunisch, Optimal control of semilinear elliptic equations in measure spaces, SIAM J. Control Optim., 52 (2014), 339-364. doi: 10.1137/13092188X. Google Scholar
[16]	E. Casas and K. Kunisch, Parabolic control problems in space-time measure spaces, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 22 (2016), 355-370. doi: 10.1051/cocv/2015008. Google Scholar
[17]	E. Casas and K. Kunisch, Analysis of optimal control problems of semilinear elliptic equations by BV-functions, Set-Valued Var. Anal., 27 (2019), 355-379. doi: 10.1007/s11228-018-0482-7. Google Scholar
[18]	E. Casas, K. Kunisch and C. Pola, Regularization by functions of bounded variation and applications to image enhancement, Appl. Math. Optim., 40 (1999), 229-257. doi: 10.1007/s002459900124. Google Scholar
[19]	E. Casas, M. Mateos and A. Rösch, Improved approximation rates for a parabolic control problem with an objective promoting directional sparsity, Comput. Optim. Appl., 70 (2018), 239-266. doi: 10.1007/s10589-018-9979-0. Google Scholar
[20]	E. Casas, D. Wachsmuth and G. Wachsmuth, Second-order analysis and numerical approximation for bang-bang bilinear control problems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 56 (2018), 4203-4227. doi: 10.1137/17M1139953. Google Scholar
[21]	I. Chryssoverghi, Approximate gradient/penalty methods with general discretization schemes for optimal control problems, in Large-Scale Scientific Computing, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., Springer, Berlin, 3743 (2006), 199–207. doi: 10.1007/11666806_21. Google Scholar
[22]	C. Clason, F. Kruse and K. Kunisch, Total variation regularization of multi-material topology optimization, ESAIM, Math. Model. Numer. Anal., 52 (2018), 275-303. doi: 10.1051/m2an/2017061. Google Scholar
[23]	C. Clason and K. Kunisch, A duality-based approach to elliptic control problems in non-reflexive Banach spaces, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 17 (2011), 243-266. doi: 10.1051/cocv/2010003. Google Scholar
[24]	K. Deckelnick and M. Hinze, A note on the approximation of elliptic control problems with bang-bang controls, Comput. Optim. Appl., 51 (2012), 931-939. doi: 10.1007/s10589-010-9365-z. Google Scholar
[25]	A. L. Dontchev, An a priori estimate for discrete approximations in nonlinear optimal control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 34 (1996), 1315-1328. doi: 10.1137/S036301299426948X. Google Scholar
[26]	A. L. Dontchev, W. W. Hager and V. M. Veliov, Second-order runge-kutta approximations in control constrained optimal control, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 38 (2000), 202-226. doi: 10.1137/S0036142999351765. Google Scholar
[27]	A. Ern and J.-L. Guermond, Theory and Practice of Finite Elements, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 159. Springer, New York, 2004. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4355-5. Google Scholar
[28]	E. Giusti, Minimal Surfaces and Functions of Bounded Variation, Monographs in Mathematics, 80. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1984. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9486-0. Google Scholar
[29]	M. Hinze and T. Quyen, Iterated total variation regularization with finite element methods for reconstruction the source term in elliptic systems, preprint, arXiv: 1901.10278. Google Scholar
[30]	K. Kunisch, K. Pieper and B. Vexler, Measure valued directional sparsity for parabolic optimal control problems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 52 (2014), 3078-3108. doi: 10.1137/140959055. Google Scholar
[31]	K. Kunisch, P. Trautmann and B. Vexler, Optimal control of the undamped linear wave equation with measure valued controls, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1212-1244. doi: 10.1137/141001366. Google Scholar
[32]	J. Peypouquet, Convex Optimization in Normed Spaces: Theory, Methods and Examples, With a foreword by Hedy Attouch, SpringerBriefs in Optimization, Springer, Cham, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13710-0. Google Scholar
[33]	K. Pieper, B. Quoc Tang, P. Trautmann and D. Walter, Inverse point source location with the helmholtz equation on a bounded domain, preprint, arXiv: 1805.03310. Google Scholar
[34]	K. Pieper and B. Vexler, A priori error analysis for discretization of sparse elliptic optimal control problems in measure space, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 2788-2808. doi: 10.1137/120889137. Google Scholar
[35]	P. Trautmann, B. Vexler and A. Zlotnik, Finite element error analysis for measure-valued optimal control problems governed by a 1D wave equation with variable coefficients, Math. Control Relat. Fields, 8 (2018), 411-449. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2018017. Google Scholar
[36]	M. Ulbrich, Semismooth Newton Methods for Variational Inequalities and Constrained Optimization Problems in Function Spaces, MOS-SIAM Series on Optimization, 11. SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, Mathematical Optimization Society, 2011. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611970692. Google Scholar
[37]	V. Veliov, On the time-discretization of control systems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 35 (1997), 1470-1486. doi: 10.1137/S0363012995288987. Google Scholar
[38]	V. M. Veliov, Error analysis of discrete approximations to bang-bang optimal control problems: The linear case, Control Cybern., 34 (2005), 967-982. Google Scholar
[39]	D. Walter, On Sparse Sensor Placement for Parameter Identifcation Problems with Partial Differential Equations, PhD thesis, Technische Universität München, 2018. Google Scholar
[40]	M. F. Wheeler, An optimal $L_{\infty }$ error estimate for Galerkin approximations to solutions of two-point boundary value problems, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 10 (1973), 914-917. doi: 10.1137/0710077. Google Scholar
[41]	W. P. Ziemer, Weakly Differentiable Functions, Sobolev Spaces and Functions of Bounded Variation. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 120. Springer, New York, 1989. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1015-3. Google Scholar

show all references

References:

[1]	W. Alt, R. Baier, F. Lempio and M. Gerdts, Approximations of linear control problems with bang-bang solutions, Optimization, 62 (2013), 9-32. doi: 10.1080/02331934.2011.568619. Google Scholar
[2]	W. Alt, U. Felgenhauer and M. Seydenschwanz, Euler discretization for a class of nonlinear optimal control problems with control appearing linearly, Comput. Optim. Appl., 69 (2018), 825-856. doi: 10.1007/s10589-017-9969-7. Google Scholar
[3]	L. Ambrosio, N. Fusco and D. Pallara, Functions of Bounded Variation and Free Discontinuity Problems, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. Google Scholar
[4]	H. Attouch, G. Buttazzo and G. Michaille, Variational Analysis in Sobolev and BV Spaces. Applications to PDEs and Optimization, Second edition. MOS-SIAM Series on Optimization, 17. SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, Mathematical Optimization Society, 2014. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611973488. Google Scholar
[5]	S. Bartels, Total variation minimization with finite elements: Convergence and iterative solution, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 50 (2012), 1162-1180. doi: 10.1137/11083277X. Google Scholar
[6]	S. Bartels and M. Milicevic, Iterative finite element solution of a constrained total variation regularized model problem, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 10 (2017), 1207-1232. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2017066. Google Scholar
[7]	L. Bonifacius, K. Pieper and B Vexler, Error estimates for space-time discretization of parabolic time-optimal control problems with bang-bang controls, SIAM J. Control Optim., 57 (2019), 1730-1756. doi: 10.1137/18M1213816. Google Scholar
[8]	K. Bredies and D. Vicente, A perfect reconstruction property for pde-constrained total-variation minimization with application in quantitative susceptibility mapping, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., Accepted for Publication. Google Scholar
[9]	S. C. Brenner and L. R. Scott, The Mathematical Theory of Finite Element Methods, Third edition, Texts in Applied Mathematics, 15. Springer, New York, 2008. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-75934-0. Google Scholar
[10]	J. Casado-Díaz, C. Castro, M. Luna-Laynez and E. Zuazua, Numerical approximation of a one-dimensional elliptic optimal design problem, Multiscale Model. Simul., 9 (2011), 1181-1216. doi: 10.1137/10081928X. Google Scholar
[11]	E. Casas, C. Clason and K. Kunisch, Approximation of elliptic control problems in measure spaces with sparse solutions, SIAM J. Control Optim., 50 (2012), 1735-1752. doi: 10.1137/110843216. Google Scholar
[12]	E. Casas, C. Clason and K. Kunisch, Parabolic control problems in measure spaces with sparse solutions, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 28-63. doi: 10.1137/120872395. Google Scholar
[13]	E. Casas, P. Kogut and G. Leugering, Approximation of optimal control problems in the coefficient for the $p$-Laplace equation. I. convergence result, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1406-1422. doi: 10.1137/15M1028108. Google Scholar
[14]	E. Casas, F. Kruse and K. Kunisch, Optimal control of semilinear parabolic equations by BV-functions, SIAM J. Control Optim., 55 (2017), 1752-1788. doi: 10.1137/16M1056511. Google Scholar
[15]	E. Casas and K. Kunisch, Optimal control of semilinear elliptic equations in measure spaces, SIAM J. Control Optim., 52 (2014), 339-364. doi: 10.1137/13092188X. Google Scholar
[16]	E. Casas and K. Kunisch, Parabolic control problems in space-time measure spaces, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 22 (2016), 355-370. doi: 10.1051/cocv/2015008. Google Scholar
[17]	E. Casas and K. Kunisch, Analysis of optimal control problems of semilinear elliptic equations by BV-functions, Set-Valued Var. Anal., 27 (2019), 355-379. doi: 10.1007/s11228-018-0482-7. Google Scholar
[18]	E. Casas, K. Kunisch and C. Pola, Regularization by functions of bounded variation and applications to image enhancement, Appl. Math. Optim., 40 (1999), 229-257. doi: 10.1007/s002459900124. Google Scholar
[19]	E. Casas, M. Mateos and A. Rösch, Improved approximation rates for a parabolic control problem with an objective promoting directional sparsity, Comput. Optim. Appl., 70 (2018), 239-266. doi: 10.1007/s10589-018-9979-0. Google Scholar
[20]	E. Casas, D. Wachsmuth and G. Wachsmuth, Second-order analysis and numerical approximation for bang-bang bilinear control problems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 56 (2018), 4203-4227. doi: 10.1137/17M1139953. Google Scholar
[21]	I. Chryssoverghi, Approximate gradient/penalty methods with general discretization schemes for optimal control problems, in Large-Scale Scientific Computing, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., Springer, Berlin, 3743 (2006), 199–207. doi: 10.1007/11666806_21. Google Scholar
[22]	C. Clason, F. Kruse and K. Kunisch, Total variation regularization of multi-material topology optimization, ESAIM, Math. Model. Numer. Anal., 52 (2018), 275-303. doi: 10.1051/m2an/2017061. Google Scholar
[23]	C. Clason and K. Kunisch, A duality-based approach to elliptic control problems in non-reflexive Banach spaces, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 17 (2011), 243-266. doi: 10.1051/cocv/2010003. Google Scholar
[24]	K. Deckelnick and M. Hinze, A note on the approximation of elliptic control problems with bang-bang controls, Comput. Optim. Appl., 51 (2012), 931-939. doi: 10.1007/s10589-010-9365-z. Google Scholar
[25]	A. L. Dontchev, An a priori estimate for discrete approximations in nonlinear optimal control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 34 (1996), 1315-1328. doi: 10.1137/S036301299426948X. Google Scholar
[26]	A. L. Dontchev, W. W. Hager and V. M. Veliov, Second-order runge-kutta approximations in control constrained optimal control, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 38 (2000), 202-226. doi: 10.1137/S0036142999351765. Google Scholar
[27]	A. Ern and J.-L. Guermond, Theory and Practice of Finite Elements, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 159. Springer, New York, 2004. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4355-5. Google Scholar
[28]	E. Giusti, Minimal Surfaces and Functions of Bounded Variation, Monographs in Mathematics, 80. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1984. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9486-0. Google Scholar
[29]	M. Hinze and T. Quyen, Iterated total variation regularization with finite element methods for reconstruction the source term in elliptic systems, preprint, arXiv: 1901.10278. Google Scholar
[30]	K. Kunisch, K. Pieper and B. Vexler, Measure valued directional sparsity for parabolic optimal control problems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 52 (2014), 3078-3108. doi: 10.1137/140959055. Google Scholar
[31]	K. Kunisch, P. Trautmann and B. Vexler, Optimal control of the undamped linear wave equation with measure valued controls, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1212-1244. doi: 10.1137/141001366. Google Scholar
[32]	J. Peypouquet, Convex Optimization in Normed Spaces: Theory, Methods and Examples, With a foreword by Hedy Attouch, SpringerBriefs in Optimization, Springer, Cham, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13710-0. Google Scholar
[33]	K. Pieper, B. Quoc Tang, P. Trautmann and D. Walter, Inverse point source location with the helmholtz equation on a bounded domain, preprint, arXiv: 1805.03310. Google Scholar
[34]	K. Pieper and B. Vexler, A priori error analysis for discretization of sparse elliptic optimal control problems in measure space, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 2788-2808. doi: 10.1137/120889137. Google Scholar
[35]	P. Trautmann, B. Vexler and A. Zlotnik, Finite element error analysis for measure-valued optimal control problems governed by a 1D wave equation with variable coefficients, Math. Control Relat. Fields, 8 (2018), 411-449. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2018017. Google Scholar
[36]	M. Ulbrich, Semismooth Newton Methods for Variational Inequalities and Constrained Optimization Problems in Function Spaces, MOS-SIAM Series on Optimization, 11. SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, Mathematical Optimization Society, 2011. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611970692. Google Scholar
[37]	V. Veliov, On the time-discretization of control systems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 35 (1997), 1470-1486. doi: 10.1137/S0363012995288987. Google Scholar
[38]	V. M. Veliov, Error analysis of discrete approximations to bang-bang optimal control problems: The linear case, Control Cybern., 34 (2005), 967-982. Google Scholar
[39]	D. Walter, On Sparse Sensor Placement for Parameter Identifcation Problems with Partial Differential Equations, PhD thesis, Technische Universität München, 2018. Google Scholar
[40]	M. F. Wheeler, An optimal $L_{\infty }$ error estimate for Galerkin approximations to solutions of two-point boundary value problems, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 10 (1973), 914-917. doi: 10.1137/0710077. Google Scholar
[41]	W. P. Ziemer, Weakly Differentiable Functions, Sobolev Spaces and Functions of Bounded Variation. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 120. Springer, New York, 1989. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1015-3. Google Scholar

Figure 1. Example 1: A semi-discrete solution to the data from Section 5.3. The discretization parameter $ h $ is roughly $ 3.8\cdot 10^{-6} $. The inclusions provided in Corollary 2 are clearly visible

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Figure 2. Example 1: Convergence plots of the errors of the solutions to the semi-discrete problem (P_vd) compared to the exact solution. The exact solution is known

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Figure 3. Example 1: Convergence plots of the errors of the solutions to the fully discrete problem (P_cd) compared to the exact solution. The exact solution is known

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Figure 4. Example 2: A variationally discrete solution to the data from Section 5.4. The discretization parameter $ h $ is roughly $ 3.8\cdot 10^{-6} $. The inclusions provided in Corollary 2 are clearly visible

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Figure 5. Example 2: Convergence plots of the errors of the solutions to the semi-discrete problem (P_vd) compared to an approximation of the exact solution. The reference solution is computed as solution to (P_vd) with $ h_{\text{ref}}\approx 3.8\cdot 10^{-6} $

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Figure 6. Example 2: Convergence plots of the errors of the solutions to the fully discrete problem (P_cd) compared to an approximation of the exact solution. The reference solution is computed as solution to (P_cd) with $ h_{\text{ref}}\approx 2.4\cdot 10^{-7} $

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