American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
2012, 2(1): 105-127. doi: 10.3934/naco.2012.2.105

A bilevel optimization approach to obtain optimal cost functions for human arm movements

Sebastian Albrecht 1, , Marion Leibold 2, and  Michael Ulbrich 3,

1. 

Chair for Mathematical Optimization, Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München (TUM), Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
2. 

Institute of Automatic Control Engineering, Technische Universität München (TUM), Arcisstr. 21, 80290 München, Germany
3. 

Chair for Mathematical Optimization, Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München (TUM), Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany

Received  April 2011 Revised  August 2011 Published  March 2012

Using a bilevel optimization approach, we investigate the question how humans plan and execute their arm motions. It is known that human motions are (approximately) optimal for suitable and unknown cost functions subject to the dynamics. We investigate the following inverse problem: Which cost function out of a parameterized family (e.g., convex combinations of functions suggested in the literature) reproduces recorded human arm movements best? The lower level problem is an optimal control problem governed by a nonlinear model of the human arm dynamics. The approach is analyzed for a dynamical 3D model of the human arm. Furthermore, results for a two-dimensional experiment with human probands are presented.
Keywords: human arm motions, optimal control, Bilevel optimization, direct discretization method..
Mathematics Subject Classification: 90C90, 49N45, 49M2.
Citation: Sebastian Albrecht, Marion Leibold, Michael Ulbrich. A bilevel optimization approach to obtain optimal cost functions for human arm movements. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2012, 2 (1) : 105-127. doi: 10.3934/naco.2012.2.105
References:
[1]

P. Abbeel and A. Y. Ng, Apprenticeship learning via inverse reinforcement learning,, in, (2004), 1.   Google Scholar

[2]

W. Abend, E. Bizzi and P. Morasso, Human arm trajectory formation,, Brain, 105 (1982), 331.  doi: 10.1093/brain/105.2.331.  Google Scholar

[3]

S. Albrecht, C. Weber, M. Sobotka, A. Peer, M. Buss and M. Ulbrich, Optimization criteria for human trajectory formation in dynamic virtual environments,, in, 6192 (2010), 257.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-14075-4_37.  Google Scholar

[4]

C. G. Atkeson and J. M. Hollerbach, Kinematic features of unrestrained vertical arm movements,, J. Neurosci., 5 (1985), 2318.   Google Scholar

[5]

J. F. Bard, An algorithm for solving the general bilevel programming problem,, Math. Oper. Res., 8 (1983), 260.  doi: 10.1287/moor.8.2.260.  Google Scholar

[6]

J. F. Bard, Convex two-level optimization,, Math. Program., 40 (1988), 15.  doi: 10.1007/BF01580720.  Google Scholar

[7]

J. F. Bard, "Practical Bilevel Optimization: Algorithms and Applications,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1998).   Google Scholar

[8]

A. Billard and M. J. Mataric, Learning human arm movements by imitation: evaluation of a biologically inspired connectionist architecture,, Robot. Auton. Syst., 37 (2001), 145.  doi: 10.1016/S0921-8890(01)00155-5.  Google Scholar

[9]

J. Bracken and J.T. McGill, Mathematical programs with optimization problems in the constraints,, Oper. Res., 21 (1973), 37.  doi: 10.1287/opre.21.1.37.  Google Scholar

[10]

W. Candler and R. Norton, Multilevel Programming,, World Bank Development Research Center, 20 (1977).   Google Scholar

[11]

R. F. Chandler, C. E. Claser, J. T. McConville, H. M. Reynolds and J. W. Young, Investigation of inertial properties of the human body,, AMLR Technical Report, (1975).   Google Scholar

[12]

B. Colson, P. Marcotte and G. Savard, An overview of bilevel optimization,, Ann. Oper. Res., 153 (2007), 235.  doi: 10.1007/s10479-007-0176-2.  Google Scholar

[13]

B. Corteville, E. Aertbelien, H. Bruyninckx, J. De Schutter and H. Van Brussel, Human-inspired robot assistant for fast point-to-point movements,, in, (2007), 3639.   Google Scholar

[14]

S. Dempe, A necessary and a sufficient optimality condition for bilevel programming problems,, Optimization, 25 (1992), 341.  doi: 10.1080/02331939208843831.  Google Scholar

[15]

S. Dempe, "Foundations of Bilevel Programming,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2002).   Google Scholar

[16]

S. Dempe, Annotated bibliography on bilevel programming and mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints,, Optimization, 52 (2003), 333.  doi: 10.1080/0233193031000149894.  Google Scholar

[17]

P. Deuflhard and F. Bornemann, "Scientific Computing with Ordinary Differential Equations,", Springer, (2002).   Google Scholar

[18]

M. Diehl, and D.B. Leineweber and A.A.S. Schäfer, "MUSCOD-II User's Manual,", IWR-Preprint, (2001).   Google Scholar

[19]

T. A. Edmunds and J. F. Bard, Algorithms for nonlinear bilevel mathematical programs,, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cyb., 21 (1991), 83.  doi: 10.1109/21.101139.  Google Scholar

[20]

R. Featherstone, "Robot Dynamics Algorithms,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1987).   Google Scholar

[21]

T. Flash and N. Hogan, The coordination of arm movements: an experimentally confirmed mathematical model,, J. Neurosci., 5 (1985), 1688.   Google Scholar

[22]

M. Gleicher, Retargetting motion to new characters,, in, (1998), 33.   Google Scholar

[23]

E. Hairer, S. P. N{\o}rsett and G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential Equations,", Springer, (1993).   Google Scholar

[24]

C. M. Harris and D. M. Wolpert, Signal-dependend noise determines motor planning,, Nature, 394 (1998), 780.  doi: 10.1038/29528.  Google Scholar

[25]

H. Hatze, Neuromusculoskeletal control systems modeling - a critical survey of recent developments,, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, 25 (1980), 375.  doi: 10.1109/TAC.1980.1102380.  Google Scholar

[26]

A. V. Hill, The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle,, Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 126 (1938), 136.  doi: 10.1098/rspb.1938.0050.  Google Scholar

[27]

K. W. Lilly, "Efficient Dynamic Simulation of Robotic Mechanisms,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1993).   Google Scholar

[28]

C. K. Liu, A. Hertzmann and Z. Popovi\'c, Learning physics-based motion style with nonlinear inverse optimization,, ACM Trans. Graph., 24 (2005), 1071.  doi: 10.1145/1073204.1073314.  Google Scholar

[29]

Y. Maeda, T. Hara and T. Arai, Human-robot cooperative manipulation with motion estimation,, in, 4 (2001), 2240.   Google Scholar

[30]

P. Marcotte and G. Savard, Bilevel programming: a combinatorial perspective,, in, (2005), 191.  doi: 10.1007/0-387-25592-3_7.  Google Scholar

[31]

K. Mombaur, A. Truong and J. P. Laumond, From human to humanoid locomotion - an inverse optimal control approach,, Auton. Robot., 28 (2010), 369.  doi: 10.1007/s10514-009-9170-7.  Google Scholar

[32]

P. Morasso, Spatial control of arm movements,, Exp. Brain Res., 42 (1981), 223.  doi: 10.1007/BF00236911.  Google Scholar

[33]

P. Morasso, Three dimensional arm trajectories,, Biol. Cybern., 48 (1983), 187.  doi: 10.1007/BF00318086.  Google Scholar

[34]

E. Nakano, H. Imamizu, R. Osu, Y. Uno, H. Gomi, T. Yoshioka and M. Kawato, Quanitative examinations of internal representations for arm trajectory planning: Minimum commanded torque change model,, J. Neurophysiol., 81 (1999), 2140.   Google Scholar

[35]

W. L. Nelson, Physical principles for economies of skilled movements,, Biol. Cybern., 46 (1983), 135.  doi: 10.1007/BF00339982.  Google Scholar

[36]

A. Y. Ng and S. Russell, Algorithms for inverse reinforcement learning,, in, (2000), 663.   Google Scholar

[37]

J. Nocedal and S. J. Wright, "Numerical Optimization,", Second Edition, (2006).   Google Scholar

[38]

J. V. Outrata, On the numerical solution of a class of Stackelberg problems,, Z. Oper. Res., 34 (1990), 255.   Google Scholar

[39]

J. V. Outrata, M. Kocvara and J. Zowe, "Nonsmooth Approach to Optimization Problems with Equilibrium Constraints,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1998).   Google Scholar

[40]

M. J. D. Powell, The BOBYQA algorithm for bound constrained optimization without derivatives,, Cambridge DAMTP Report NA2009/06, (2009).   Google Scholar

[41]

D. Ramachandran and E. Amir, Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning,, in, (2007), 2586.   Google Scholar

[42]

N. D. Ratliff, J. A. Bagnell and M. A. Zinkevich, Maximum margin planning,, in, (2006), 729.   Google Scholar

[43]

S. Russell, Learning agents for uncertain environments (extended abstract),, in, (1998), 101.   Google Scholar

[44]

S. Schaal, Is imitation learning the route to humanoid robots?,, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3 (1999), 233.  doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01327-3.  Google Scholar

[45]

K. Shimizu and M. Lu, A global optimization method for the Stackelberg problem with convex functions via problem transformation and concave programming,, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cyb., 25 (1995), 1635.  doi: 10.1109/21.478449.  Google Scholar

[46]

C. Smith and H. I. Christensen, A minimum jerk predictor for teleoperation with variable time delay,, in, (2009), 5621.   Google Scholar

[47]

S. Stroeve, Impedance characteristics of neuromusculoskeletal model of the human arm,, Biol. Cybern., 81 (1999), 475.  doi: 10.1007/s004220050577.  Google Scholar

[48]

W. Suleiman, E. Yoshida, F. Kanehiro, J. P. Laumond and A. Monin, On human motion imitation by humanoid robot,, in, (2008), 2697.   Google Scholar

[49]

E. Todorov, Stochastic optimal control and estimation methods adapted to the noise characteristics of the sensorimotor system,, Neural. Comput., 17 (2005), 1084.  doi: 10.1162/0899766053491887.  Google Scholar

[50]

E. Todorov, Optimality principles in sensorimotor control,, Nature Neurosci., 7 (2004), 907.  doi: 10.1038/nn1309.  Google Scholar

[51]

Y. Uno, M. Kawato and R. Suzuki, Formation and control of optimal trajectory in human multijoint arm movement,, Biol. Cybern., 61 (1989), 89.  doi: 10.1007/BF00204593.  Google Scholar

[52]

Y. Uno, R. Suzuki and M. Kawato, Minimum muscle-tension-change model which reproduces human arm movement,, in, (1989), 299.   Google Scholar

[53]

L. N. Vicente and P. H. Calamai, Bilevel and multilevel programming: a bibliography review,, J Global. Optim., 5 (1994), 291.  doi: 10.1007/BF01096458.  Google Scholar

[54]

A. Wächter and L.T. Biegler, Line search filter methods for nonlinear programming: motivation and global convergence,, SIAM J. Optim., 16 (2005), 1.   Google Scholar

[55]

A. Wächter and L. T. Biegler, On the implementation of an interior-point filter line-search algorithm for large-scale nonlinear programming,, Math. Program., 106 (2006), 25.   Google Scholar

[56]

D. A. Winter, "Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement,", Third Edition, (2005).   Google Scholar

[57]

J. M. Winters and L. Stark, Analysis of fundamental human movement patterns through the use of in-depth antagonistic muscle models,, IEEE Trans. Biomedical Eng., 10 (1985), 826.  doi: 10.1109/TBME.1985.325498.  Google Scholar

[58]

J. J. Ye and D. L. Zhu, Optimality conditions for bilevel programming problems,, Optimization, 33 (1995), 9.  doi: 10.1080/02331939508844060.  Google Scholar

[59]

T. Yoshikawa, "Foundations of Robotics: Analysis and Control,", MIT Press, (1990).   Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

P. Abbeel and A. Y. Ng, Apprenticeship learning via inverse reinforcement learning,, in, (2004), 1.   Google Scholar

[2]

W. Abend, E. Bizzi and P. Morasso, Human arm trajectory formation,, Brain, 105 (1982), 331.  doi: 10.1093/brain/105.2.331.  Google Scholar

[3]

S. Albrecht, C. Weber, M. Sobotka, A. Peer, M. Buss and M. Ulbrich, Optimization criteria for human trajectory formation in dynamic virtual environments,, in, 6192 (2010), 257.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-14075-4_37.  Google Scholar

[4]

C. G. Atkeson and J. M. Hollerbach, Kinematic features of unrestrained vertical arm movements,, J. Neurosci., 5 (1985), 2318.   Google Scholar

[5]

J. F. Bard, An algorithm for solving the general bilevel programming problem,, Math. Oper. Res., 8 (1983), 260.  doi: 10.1287/moor.8.2.260.  Google Scholar

[6]

J. F. Bard, Convex two-level optimization,, Math. Program., 40 (1988), 15.  doi: 10.1007/BF01580720.  Google Scholar

[7]

J. F. Bard, "Practical Bilevel Optimization: Algorithms and Applications,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1998).   Google Scholar

[8]

A. Billard and M. J. Mataric, Learning human arm movements by imitation: evaluation of a biologically inspired connectionist architecture,, Robot. Auton. Syst., 37 (2001), 145.  doi: 10.1016/S0921-8890(01)00155-5.  Google Scholar

[9]

J. Bracken and J.T. McGill, Mathematical programs with optimization problems in the constraints,, Oper. Res., 21 (1973), 37.  doi: 10.1287/opre.21.1.37.  Google Scholar

[10]

W. Candler and R. Norton, Multilevel Programming,, World Bank Development Research Center, 20 (1977).   Google Scholar

[11]

R. F. Chandler, C. E. Claser, J. T. McConville, H. M. Reynolds and J. W. Young, Investigation of inertial properties of the human body,, AMLR Technical Report, (1975).   Google Scholar

[12]

B. Colson, P. Marcotte and G. Savard, An overview of bilevel optimization,, Ann. Oper. Res., 153 (2007), 235.  doi: 10.1007/s10479-007-0176-2.  Google Scholar

[13]

B. Corteville, E. Aertbelien, H. Bruyninckx, J. De Schutter and H. Van Brussel, Human-inspired robot assistant for fast point-to-point movements,, in, (2007), 3639.   Google Scholar

[14]

S. Dempe, A necessary and a sufficient optimality condition for bilevel programming problems,, Optimization, 25 (1992), 341.  doi: 10.1080/02331939208843831.  Google Scholar

[15]

S. Dempe, "Foundations of Bilevel Programming,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2002).   Google Scholar

[16]

S. Dempe, Annotated bibliography on bilevel programming and mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints,, Optimization, 52 (2003), 333.  doi: 10.1080/0233193031000149894.  Google Scholar

[17]

P. Deuflhard and F. Bornemann, "Scientific Computing with Ordinary Differential Equations,", Springer, (2002).   Google Scholar

[18]

M. Diehl, and D.B. Leineweber and A.A.S. Schäfer, "MUSCOD-II User's Manual,", IWR-Preprint, (2001).   Google Scholar

[19]

T. A. Edmunds and J. F. Bard, Algorithms for nonlinear bilevel mathematical programs,, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cyb., 21 (1991), 83.  doi: 10.1109/21.101139.  Google Scholar

[20]

R. Featherstone, "Robot Dynamics Algorithms,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1987).   Google Scholar

[21]

T. Flash and N. Hogan, The coordination of arm movements: an experimentally confirmed mathematical model,, J. Neurosci., 5 (1985), 1688.   Google Scholar

[22]

M. Gleicher, Retargetting motion to new characters,, in, (1998), 33.   Google Scholar

[23]

E. Hairer, S. P. N{\o}rsett and G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential Equations,", Springer, (1993).   Google Scholar

[24]

C. M. Harris and D. M. Wolpert, Signal-dependend noise determines motor planning,, Nature, 394 (1998), 780.  doi: 10.1038/29528.  Google Scholar

[25]

H. Hatze, Neuromusculoskeletal control systems modeling - a critical survey of recent developments,, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, 25 (1980), 375.  doi: 10.1109/TAC.1980.1102380.  Google Scholar

[26]

A. V. Hill, The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle,, Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 126 (1938), 136.  doi: 10.1098/rspb.1938.0050.  Google Scholar

[27]

K. W. Lilly, "Efficient Dynamic Simulation of Robotic Mechanisms,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1993).   Google Scholar

[28]

C. K. Liu, A. Hertzmann and Z. Popovi\'c, Learning physics-based motion style with nonlinear inverse optimization,, ACM Trans. Graph., 24 (2005), 1071.  doi: 10.1145/1073204.1073314.  Google Scholar

[29]

Y. Maeda, T. Hara and T. Arai, Human-robot cooperative manipulation with motion estimation,, in, 4 (2001), 2240.   Google Scholar

[30]

P. Marcotte and G. Savard, Bilevel programming: a combinatorial perspective,, in, (2005), 191.  doi: 10.1007/0-387-25592-3_7.  Google Scholar

[31]

K. Mombaur, A. Truong and J. P. Laumond, From human to humanoid locomotion - an inverse optimal control approach,, Auton. Robot., 28 (2010), 369.  doi: 10.1007/s10514-009-9170-7.  Google Scholar

[32]

P. Morasso, Spatial control of arm movements,, Exp. Brain Res., 42 (1981), 223.  doi: 10.1007/BF00236911.  Google Scholar

[33]

P. Morasso, Three dimensional arm trajectories,, Biol. Cybern., 48 (1983), 187.  doi: 10.1007/BF00318086.  Google Scholar

[34]

E. Nakano, H. Imamizu, R. Osu, Y. Uno, H. Gomi, T. Yoshioka and M. Kawato, Quanitative examinations of internal representations for arm trajectory planning: Minimum commanded torque change model,, J. Neurophysiol., 81 (1999), 2140.   Google Scholar

[35]

W. L. Nelson, Physical principles for economies of skilled movements,, Biol. Cybern., 46 (1983), 135.  doi: 10.1007/BF00339982.  Google Scholar

[36]

A. Y. Ng and S. Russell, Algorithms for inverse reinforcement learning,, in, (2000), 663.   Google Scholar

[37]

J. Nocedal and S. J. Wright, "Numerical Optimization,", Second Edition, (2006).   Google Scholar

[38]

J. V. Outrata, On the numerical solution of a class of Stackelberg problems,, Z. Oper. Res., 34 (1990), 255.   Google Scholar

[39]

J. V. Outrata, M. Kocvara and J. Zowe, "Nonsmooth Approach to Optimization Problems with Equilibrium Constraints,", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1998).   Google Scholar

[40]

M. J. D. Powell, The BOBYQA algorithm for bound constrained optimization without derivatives,, Cambridge DAMTP Report NA2009/06, (2009).   Google Scholar

[41]

D. Ramachandran and E. Amir, Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning,, in, (2007), 2586.   Google Scholar

[42]

N. D. Ratliff, J. A. Bagnell and M. A. Zinkevich, Maximum margin planning,, in, (2006), 729.   Google Scholar

[43]

S. Russell, Learning agents for uncertain environments (extended abstract),, in, (1998), 101.   Google Scholar

[44]

S. Schaal, Is imitation learning the route to humanoid robots?,, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3 (1999), 233.  doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01327-3.  Google Scholar

[45]

K. Shimizu and M. Lu, A global optimization method for the Stackelberg problem with convex functions via problem transformation and concave programming,, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cyb., 25 (1995), 1635.  doi: 10.1109/21.478449.  Google Scholar

[46]

C. Smith and H. I. Christensen, A minimum jerk predictor for teleoperation with variable time delay,, in, (2009), 5621.   Google Scholar

[47]

S. Stroeve, Impedance characteristics of neuromusculoskeletal model of the human arm,, Biol. Cybern., 81 (1999), 475.  doi: 10.1007/s004220050577.  Google Scholar

[48]

W. Suleiman, E. Yoshida, F. Kanehiro, J. P. Laumond and A. Monin, On human motion imitation by humanoid robot,, in, (2008), 2697.   Google Scholar

[49]

E. Todorov, Stochastic optimal control and estimation methods adapted to the noise characteristics of the sensorimotor system,, Neural. Comput., 17 (2005), 1084.  doi: 10.1162/0899766053491887.  Google Scholar

[50]

E. Todorov, Optimality principles in sensorimotor control,, Nature Neurosci., 7 (2004), 907.  doi: 10.1038/nn1309.  Google Scholar

[51]

Y. Uno, M. Kawato and R. Suzuki, Formation and control of optimal trajectory in human multijoint arm movement,, Biol. Cybern., 61 (1989), 89.  doi: 10.1007/BF00204593.  Google Scholar

[52]

Y. Uno, R. Suzuki and M. Kawato, Minimum muscle-tension-change model which reproduces human arm movement,, in, (1989), 299.   Google Scholar

[53]

L. N. Vicente and P. H. Calamai, Bilevel and multilevel programming: a bibliography review,, J Global. Optim., 5 (1994), 291.  doi: 10.1007/BF01096458.  Google Scholar

[54]

A. Wächter and L.T. Biegler, Line search filter methods for nonlinear programming: motivation and global convergence,, SIAM J. Optim., 16 (2005), 1.   Google Scholar

[55]

A. Wächter and L. T. Biegler, On the implementation of an interior-point filter line-search algorithm for large-scale nonlinear programming,, Math. Program., 106 (2006), 25.   Google Scholar

[56]

D. A. Winter, "Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement,", Third Edition, (2005).   Google Scholar

[57]

J. M. Winters and L. Stark, Analysis of fundamental human movement patterns through the use of in-depth antagonistic muscle models,, IEEE Trans. Biomedical Eng., 10 (1985), 826.  doi: 10.1109/TBME.1985.325498.  Google Scholar

[58]

J. J. Ye and D. L. Zhu, Optimality conditions for bilevel programming problems,, Optimization, 33 (1995), 9.  doi: 10.1080/02331939508844060.  Google Scholar

[59]

T. Yoshikawa, "Foundations of Robotics: Analysis and Control,", MIT Press, (1990).   Google Scholar

[1]

Marcus Wagner. A direct method for the solution of an optimal control problem arising from image registration. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2012, 2 (3) : 487-510. doi: 10.3934/naco.2012.2.487
[2]

Mohammad Hadi Noori Skandari, Marzieh Habibli, Alireza Nazemi. A direct method based on the Clenshaw-Curtis formula for fractional optimal control problems. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2020, 10 (1) : 171-187. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2019035
[3]

Dan Li, Li-Ping Pang, Fang-Fang Guo, Zun-Quan Xia. An alternating linearization method with inexact data for bilevel nonsmooth convex optimization. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2014, 10 (3) : 859-869. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.859
[4]

Zahra Al Helal, Volker Rehbock, Ryan Loxton. Modelling and optimal control of blood glucose levels in the human body. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2015, 11 (4) : 1149-1164. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2015.11.1149
[5]

Jianxiong Ye, An Li. Necessary optimality conditions for nonautonomous optimal control problems and its applications to bilevel optimal control. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2019, 15 (3) : 1399-1419. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018101
[6]

Max Gunzburger, Sung-Dae Yang, Wenxiang Zhu. Analysis and discretization of an optimal control problem for the forced Fisher equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2007, 8 (3) : 569-587. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2007.8.569
[7]

Jean-Pierre de la Croix, Magnus Egerstedt. Analyzing human-swarm interactions using control Lyapunov functions and optimal control. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2015, 10 (3) : 609-630. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.609
[8]

Martin Bauer, Markus Eslitzbichler, Markus Grasmair. Landmark-guided elastic shape analysis of human character motions. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2017, 11 (4) : 601-621. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2017028
[9]

Qun Lin, Ryan Loxton, Kok Lay Teo. The control parameterization method for nonlinear optimal control: A survey. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2014, 10 (1) : 275-309. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.275
[10]

Matthias Gerdts, Martin Kunkel. Convergence analysis of Euler discretization of control-state constrained optimal control problems with controls of bounded variation. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2014, 10 (1) : 311-336. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.311
[11]

Enkhbat Rentsen, J. Zhou, K. L. Teo. A global optimization approach to fractional optimal control. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2016, 12 (1) : 73-82. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2016.12.73
[12]

N. U. Ahmed. Existence of optimal output feedback control law for a class of uncertain infinite dimensional stochastic systems: A direct approach. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2012, 1 (2) : 235-250. doi: 10.3934/eect.2012.1.235
[13]

Yibing Lv, Zhongping Wan. Linear bilevel multiobjective optimization problem: Penalty approach. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2019, 15 (3) : 1213-1223. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018092
[14]

Karl Kunisch, Markus Müller. Uniform convergence of the POD method and applications to optimal control. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2015, 35 (9) : 4477-4501. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.4477
[15]

Yuji Harata, Yoshihisa Banno, Kouichi Taji. Parametric excitation based bipedal walking: Control method and optimization. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2011, 1 (1) : 171-190. doi: 10.3934/naco.2011.1.171
[16]

Luke Finlay, Vladimir Gaitsgory, Ivan Lebedev. Linear programming solutions of periodic optimization problems: approximation of the optimal control. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2007, 3 (2) : 399-413. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2007.3.399
[17]

Michael Hintermüller, Tao Wu. Bilevel optimization for calibrating point spread functions in blind deconvolution. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2015, 9 (4) : 1139-1169. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2015.9.1139
[18]

Paul B. Hermanns, Nguyen Van Thoai. Global optimization algorithm for solving bilevel programming problems with quadratic lower levels. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2010, 6 (1) : 177-196. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2010.6.177
[19]

Alexander Tyatyushkin, Tatiana Zarodnyuk. Numerical method for solving optimal control problems with phase constraints. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2017, 7 (4) : 481-492. doi: 10.3934/naco.2017030
[20]

Yue Zheng, Zhongping Wan, Shihui Jia, Guangmin Wang. A new method for strong-weak linear bilevel programming problem. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2015, 11 (2) : 529-547. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2015.11.529

 Impact Factor: 

Tools

Metrics

  • PDF downloads (34)
  • HTML views (0)
  • Cited by (4)

Other articles
by authors

[Back to Top]

Copyright © 2019 American Institute of Mathematical Sciences