An investigation of the most important factors for sustainable product development using evidential reasoning

Farzaneh Ahmadzadeh; Kathrina Jederström; Maria Plahn; Anna Olsson; Isabell Foyer

doi:10.3934/naco.2017027

Article Contents

2017, Volume 7, Issue 4: 435-455. Doi: 10.3934/naco.2017027

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An investigation of the most important factors for sustainable product development using evidential reasoning

School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Mälardalen University, Eskilstuna, Sweden

^* Corresponding author
^* Corresponding author

Received: October 2016

Revised: August 2017

Published: December 2017

This paper was prepared at the occasion of The 12th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE 2016), Tehran, Iran, January 25-26,2016, with its Associate Editors of Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization (NACO) being Assoc. Prof. A. (Nima) Mirzazadeh, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran, and Prof. Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.

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Abstract

Those working in product development need to consider sustainability, being careful not to compromise the future generation's ability to satisfy its needs. Several strategies guide companies towards sustainability. This paper studies six of these strategies: eco-design, green design, cradle-to-cradle, design for environment, zero waste, and life cycle approaches. Based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews, it identifies 22 factors of sustainability from the perspective of manufacturers. The purpose is to determine which are the most important and to use them as a foundation for a new design strategy. A survey based on the 22 factors was given to people working with product development; they graded each factor by importance. The resulting qualitative data were analyzed using evidential reasoning. The analysis found the factors "minimize use of toxic substances, " "increase competitiveness, " "economic benefits, " "reduce material usage, " "material selection, " "reduce emissions, " and "increase product functionality" are more important and should serve as the foundation for a new approach to sustainable product development.

Keywords:

Sustainable design,
product development,
evidential reasoning,
sustainable product development strategy,
Multi Criteria Decision Making.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 62C86, 62P12; Secondary: 90B50.

Citation:

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Figure 1. Generic framework to assess general property

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Figure 2. Visual representation of ER steps

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Figure 3. Diagram showing the importance of factors for sustainable product development

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Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of sustainable design strategies

Method	Advantages	Disadvantages
Eco Design	Increased competitiveness [13] Decreased variable costs [32], [36] Less use of toxic materials [32] Increased product functionality [36], [46] Improved economic performance [36] Increased revenue [13] Increased sales volumes [13] Less energy usage [32] Prolonged product life [32], [36], [46] Improved company image [13] Reduced material use [7], [24], [32], [36], [46]	Increased fixed costs [36] Only short term economic benefits [36]
Green design	Optimized operational practices [5], [17], [19] Reduced use of non-renewable resources [3], [19], [34] Waste minimized [6], [19], [34] Increased use of renewable materials [3], [34] Increased use of renewable energy [3], [19], [34] Social business strategies incorporated [10]	Requires investment in new operating tools [5] Too many unclear suggestions [6]
Cradle-to- cradle	Waste eliminated [8], [9], [33] Products are biodegradable [9] Eternal recyclability [9] Increased economic activity [9] Increased job opportunities [9] Certification available [33]	Might be overconfident [4]
Design for environment	Waste is reduced [16], [45] Improved material chemistry [39] Improved design for disassembly [16], [39], [45] Increased recyclability [39], [45]	Too many tools and techniques [45]
Zero Waste	Pollution is prevented [30], [55] Waste eliminated [18], [31], [55] Reduced toxicity [30], [55] Increased recyclability [18] Increased reuse of materials [55] Decreased costs of waste disposal [12], [18], [31] Increased revenue by selling used materials [14]	Requires transformation of current systems [54] Increased short- term costs [14]
Life-Cycle approaches	Reduced long term environmental impact of the product [29], [38] Decreased costs for service [41] Increased environmental impact awareness [57] Holistic approach [4], [38], [57]	Often used in retrospect [28], [38] Cannot be used properly for reused, recycled and re- manufactured products [41]

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Table 2. Factors identified in sustainable design and the corresponding strategies

Factors	Design Strategy
Reduce energy usage	Eco-design
Reduce material usage	Eco-design, Life-cycle approaches
Reduce use of non-renewable resources	Green design
Reduce waste	Design for Environment
Eliminate waste	Cradle-to-cradle, zero waste
Eliminate emission	Zero waste
Minimize use of toxic substances	Eco-design, zero waste
Minimize waste	Green design
Recycle materials/components	Cradle-to-cradle, design for environment, zero waste, life-cycle approaches, eco-design
Reuse materials/components	Zero waste, life-cycle approaches, eco-design, cradle-to-cradle
Increase product functionality	Eco-design
Increase product lifespan	Eco-design
Increase use of renewable energy	Green design, cradle-to-cradle
Increase use of renewable materials	Green design, life-cycle approaches, cradle-to-cradle
Increase use of biodegradable materials	Cradle-to-cradle
Closed loop material flow	Cradle-to-cradle
Holistic approach	Life-cycle approaches, cradle-to-cradle
Sustainable social standards	Green design, cradle-to-cradle
Economic benefits	Eco-design, cradle-to-cradle, zero waste
Increase competitiveness	Eco-design

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Table 3. Assigned weights, belief degrees and calculated probability masses

Evalutation Grade	Weight	Belief
$H_1, H_2, H_3$	$\omega_i$	$\beta_{1, i}$	$\beta_{2, i}$	$\beta_{3, i}$	$\beta_{H}$
$\varepsilon_1$	0.35	0.4	0.5	0	0.1
$\varepsilon_2$	0.65	0.1	0.75	0.15	0
Probability Mass
$m_{1, i}$	$m_{2, i}$	$m_{3, i}$	$m_{H, i}$	$\bar{m}_{H, i}$	$\tilde{m}_{H, i}$
0.14	0.175	0	0.685	0.65	0.035
0.065	0.4875	0.0975	0.35	0.35	0

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Table 4. Factors identified in sustainable design and the corresponding strategies

Evaluation grade (%)
Factors	H1	H2	H3	H4	H5	Unassigned
Reduce energy usage	5	15	27	24	10	19
Reduce material usage	1	5	22	31	37	4
Reduce use of non-renewable resources	1	21	21	18	23	16
Reduce waste	1	4	28	41	10	16
Reduce emissions	1	4	18	38	21	18
Eliminate waste	11	14	30	23	13	9
Eliminate emissions	10	5	24	31	8	22
Minimize use of toxic substances	0	0	8	26	50	16
Minimize waste	3	3	30	37	5	22
Recycling components/ materials	0	17	29	26	18	10
Reusing components/ materials	11	17	12	34	19	7
Increase product functionality	0	2	29	27	26	16
Increase product lifespan	3	19	36	26	14	2
Increase use of renewable materials	0	8	20	40	10	22
Increase use of renewable energy	2	8	20	29	19	22
Increase use of biodegradable materials	1	13	36	30	5	15
Sustainable material selection	0	9	15	47	25	4
Circular material flow	0	7	28	11	5	49
Holistic view	4	6	9	28	16	37
Sustainable social standards	4	3	21	26	20	26
Economic benefits	0	1	26	22	40	11
Increased competitiveness	0	1	27	31	38	3

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Table 5. Important design factors, relevant score and rank

Factors	Ranking score (%)	Rank
Minimize use of toxic substances	82	1
Increase competitiveness	76	2
Economic benefits	75	3
Reduce material usage	74	4
Sustainable material selection	72	5
Reduce emissions	69	6
Increase product functionality	69	7
Reduce waste	64	8
Increase use of renewable energy	64	9
Sustainable social standards	64	10
Increase use of renewable materials	63	11
Holistic view	62	12
Recycling components/materials	61	13
Reduce use of non-renewable resources	60	14
Minimize waste	59	15
Reusing components/materials	58	16
Increase use of biodegradable materials	58	17
Increase product lifespan	57	18
Eliminate emissions	56	19
Reduce energy usage	55	20
Circular material flow	54	21
Eliminate waste	53	22

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Table 6. Important design factors and corresponding design strategy

Most important identified factors	Design strategy (%)
Minimize use of toxics substances (82%)	Eco-design and Zero waste
Increased competitiveness (76%)	Eco-design
Economic benefits (75%)	Eco-design, Cradle-to-cradle and Zero waste
Reduce material usage (74%)	Eco-design and life-cycle strategies
Material selection (72%)	$\cdots$
Reduce emissions (69%)	$\cdots$
Increase product functionality (69%)	Eco-design

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