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December  2019, 9(4): 433-444. doi: 10.3934/naco.2019042

## Numerical solutions of Volterra integro-differential equations using General Linear Method

 1 School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

* Corresponding author: faranak.rabiei@monash.edu; faranak.rabiei@gmail.com

The reviewing process of the paper is handled by Gafurjan Ibragimov, Siti Hasana Sapar and Siti Nur Iqmal Ibrahim

Received  February 2018 Revised  June 2018 Published  August 2019

In this paper, a third order General Linear Method for finding the numerical solution of Volterra integro-differential equation is considered. The order conditions of the proposed method are derived based on techniques of B-series and 'rooted trees'. The integral operator in Volterra integro-differential equation approximated using Simpson's rule and Lagrange interpolation is discussed. To illustrate the efficiency of third order General Linear Method, we compare the method with a third order Runge-Kutta method.

Citation: Faranak Rabiei, Fatin Abd Hamid, Zanariah Abd Majid, Fudziah Ismail. Numerical solutions of Volterra integro-differential equations using General Linear Method. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2019, 9 (4) : 433-444. doi: 10.3934/naco.2019042
##### References:
 [1] J. C. Butcher, General linear methods, Acta Numerica, 15 (2006), 157-256.  doi: 10.1017/S0962492906220014.  Google Scholar [2] J. C. Butcher, Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2008. doi: 10.1002/9781119121534.  Google Scholar [3] P. Chartier, E. Hairer and G. Vilmart, Algebraic structures of B-series, Foundations of Computational Mathematics, 10 (2010), 407-427.  doi: 10.1007/s10208-010-9065-1.  Google Scholar [4] J. R. Dormand, Numerical Methods for Differential Equations: A Computational Approach, CRC Press, Florida, 1992.  doi: 10.1201/9781351075107.  Google Scholar [5] A. Filiz, A fourth-order robust numerical method for integro-differential equations, Asian Journal of Fuzzy and Applied Mathematics, 1 (2013), 28-33.   Google Scholar [6] A. Filiz, Numerical solution of linear volterra integro-differential equations using runge-kutta-felhberg method, Applied and Computational Mathematics, 1 (2014), 9-14.   Google Scholar [7] A. Filiz, General linear methods for ordinary differential equations, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 79 (2009), 1834-1845.  doi: 10.1016/j.matcom.2007.02.006.  Google Scholar [8] P. Linz, Analytical and Numerical Methods for Volterra Equations, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1985. Google Scholar [9] F. Rabiei, F. A. Hamid, M. M. Rashidi and F. Ismail, Numerical simulation of fuzzy differential equations using general linear method and B-series, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9 (2010), 1-16.   Google Scholar [10] B. Raftari, Numerical solutions of the linear volterra integro-differential equations: Homotopy perturbation method and finite difference method, World Applied Sciences Journal, 9 (2010), 7-12.   Google Scholar [11] A. M. Wazwaz, Linear and Nonlinear Integral Equations, Springer, Beijing, 2011. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-21449-3.  Google Scholar [12] M. Zarebnia, Sinc numerical solution for the Volterra integro-differential equation, Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 15 (2010), 700-706.  doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.04.021.  Google Scholar

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##### References:
 [1] J. C. Butcher, General linear methods, Acta Numerica, 15 (2006), 157-256.  doi: 10.1017/S0962492906220014.  Google Scholar [2] J. C. Butcher, Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2008. doi: 10.1002/9781119121534.  Google Scholar [3] P. Chartier, E. Hairer and G. Vilmart, Algebraic structures of B-series, Foundations of Computational Mathematics, 10 (2010), 407-427.  doi: 10.1007/s10208-010-9065-1.  Google Scholar [4] J. R. Dormand, Numerical Methods for Differential Equations: A Computational Approach, CRC Press, Florida, 1992.  doi: 10.1201/9781351075107.  Google Scholar [5] A. Filiz, A fourth-order robust numerical method for integro-differential equations, Asian Journal of Fuzzy and Applied Mathematics, 1 (2013), 28-33.   Google Scholar [6] A. Filiz, Numerical solution of linear volterra integro-differential equations using runge-kutta-felhberg method, Applied and Computational Mathematics, 1 (2014), 9-14.   Google Scholar [7] A. Filiz, General linear methods for ordinary differential equations, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 79 (2009), 1834-1845.  doi: 10.1016/j.matcom.2007.02.006.  Google Scholar [8] P. Linz, Analytical and Numerical Methods for Volterra Equations, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1985. Google Scholar [9] F. Rabiei, F. A. Hamid, M. M. Rashidi and F. Ismail, Numerical simulation of fuzzy differential equations using general linear method and B-series, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9 (2010), 1-16.   Google Scholar [10] B. Raftari, Numerical solutions of the linear volterra integro-differential equations: Homotopy perturbation method and finite difference method, World Applied Sciences Journal, 9 (2010), 7-12.   Google Scholar [11] A. M. Wazwaz, Linear and Nonlinear Integral Equations, Springer, Beijing, 2011. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-21449-3.  Google Scholar [12] M. Zarebnia, Sinc numerical solution for the Volterra integro-differential equation, Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 15 (2010), 700-706.  doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.04.021.  Google Scholar
Log maximum error versus number of functions evaluations for Problem 1
Log maximum error versus number of functions evaluations for Problem 2
Log maximum error versus number of functions evaluations for Problem 3
Log maximum error versus number of functions evaluations for Problem 4
Log maximum error versus number of functions evaluations for Problem 5
Matrix representation of coefficients of GLM.
 $A_{s\times s}$ $U_{s\times r}$ $B_{r\times s}$ $V_{r\times r}$
 $A_{s\times s}$ $U_{s\times r}$ $B_{r\times s}$ $V_{r\times r}$
Matrix coefficients of GLM with $s = 3$, $r = 2$.
 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} 0&0&0\\ {{a_{21}}}&0&0\\ {{a_{31}}}&{{a_{32}}}&0 \end{array}} \right]$ $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{u_{11}}}&{{u_{12}}}\\ {{u_{21}}}&{{u_{22}}}\\ {{u_{31}}}&{{u_{32}}} \end{array}} \right]$ $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{b_{11}}}&{{b_{12}}}&{{b_{13}}}\\ {{b_{21}}}&{{b_{22}}}&{{b_{23}}} \end{array}} \right]$ $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{{v_{12}}}\\ {{v_{21}}}&0 \end{array}} \right]$
 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} 0&0&0\\ {{a_{21}}}&0&0\\ {{a_{31}}}&{{a_{32}}}&0 \end{array}} \right]$ $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{u_{11}}}&{{u_{12}}}\\ {{u_{21}}}&{{u_{22}}}\\ {{u_{31}}}&{{u_{32}}} \end{array}} \right]$ $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{b_{11}}}&{{b_{12}}}&{{b_{13}}}\\ {{b_{21}}}&{{b_{22}}}&{{b_{23}}} \end{array}} \right]$ $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{{v_{12}}}\\ {{v_{21}}}&0 \end{array}} \right]$
Order conditions of GLM up to order three.
 No Order conditions 1 $b_{11}(u_{11}+u_{12})+b_{12}(u_{21}+u_{22})+b_{13}(u_{31}+u_{32})-v_{12}=1$ 2 $b_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})+b_{22}(u_{21}+u_{22})+b_{23}(u_{31}+u_{32})=0$ 3 $-b_{11}u_{12}+b_{12}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})+b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{22}=\frac{1}{2}$ 4 $-b_{21}u_{12}+b_{22}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})+b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)=0$ 5 $b_{11}u_{12}^{2}+b_{12}\big(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22}\big)^{2}+b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)^{2}$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{23}=\frac{1}{3}$ 6 $b_{21}u_{12}^{2}+b_{22}\big(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22}\big)^{2}+b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)^{2}=0$ 7 $b_{11}u_{12}\xi_{22}+b_{12}\big(\xi_{22}u_{22} - a_{21}u_{12}\big)+b_{13}\big(-a_{31}u_{12} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})$ $\qquad +u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)+v_{12}\xi_{24}=\frac{1}{6}$ 8 $b_{21}u_{12}\xi_{22}+b_{22}\big(\xi_{22}u_{22} - a_{21}u_{12}\big)+b_{23}\big(-a_{31}u_{12} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})$ $\qquad+u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)=0$ 9 $-b_{11}u_{12}^{3}+b_{12}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{3}+b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12}) +a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)^{3}$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{25}\frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{4}$ 10 $-b_{21}u_{12}^{3}+b_{22}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{3}+b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12}) +a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})$ $\qquad-u_{32}\big)^{3}=0$ 11 $-b_{11}u_{12}^{2}\xi_{22} + b_{12}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})(\xi_{22}u_{22}-a_{21}u_{12}) +b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}$ $\qquad (u_{21}+u_{22})-u_{32}\big)\big(-a_{31}u_{12}+a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22})+u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)+v_{12}\xi_{26} =\frac{1}{8}$ 12 $-b_{21}u_{12}^{2}\xi_{22} + b_{22}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})(\xi_{22}u_{22}-a_{21}u_{12}) +b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})$ $\qquad+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)\big(-a_{31}u_{12}+a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22})+u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)=0$ 13 $b_{11}u_{12}\xi_{23} + b_{12}(a_{21}u_{12}^{2}+\xi_{23}u_{22}) + b_{13}\big(a_{31}u_{12}^{2} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{2}+u_{32}\xi_{23}\big)$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{27}=\frac{1}{12}$ 14 $b_{21}u_{12}\xi_{23} + b_{22}(a_{21}u_{12}^{2}+\xi_{23}u_{22}) + b_{23}\big(a_{31}u_{12}^{2} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{2}$ $\qquad+u_{32}\xi_{23}\big)=0$ 15 $b_{11}u_{12}\xi_{24} + b_{12}(\xi_{22}a_{21}u_{12}+\xi_{24}u_{22}) + b_{13}\big(a_{31}u_{12}\xi_{22} + a_{32}(\xi_{22}u_{22} -a_{21}u_{12})+u_{32}\xi_{24}\big)$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{28}=\frac{1}{24}$ 16 $b_{21}u_{12}\xi_{24} + b_{22}(\xi_{22}a_{21}u_{12}+\xi_{24}u_{22}) + b_{23}\big(a_{31}u_{12}\xi_{22} + a_{32}(\xi_{22}u_{22} -a_{21}u_{12})$ $\qquad+u_{32}\xi_{24}\big)=0$
 No Order conditions 1 $b_{11}(u_{11}+u_{12})+b_{12}(u_{21}+u_{22})+b_{13}(u_{31}+u_{32})-v_{12}=1$ 2 $b_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})+b_{22}(u_{21}+u_{22})+b_{23}(u_{31}+u_{32})=0$ 3 $-b_{11}u_{12}+b_{12}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})+b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{22}=\frac{1}{2}$ 4 $-b_{21}u_{12}+b_{22}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})+b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)=0$ 5 $b_{11}u_{12}^{2}+b_{12}\big(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22}\big)^{2}+b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)^{2}$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{23}=\frac{1}{3}$ 6 $b_{21}u_{12}^{2}+b_{22}\big(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22}\big)^{2}+b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)^{2}=0$ 7 $b_{11}u_{12}\xi_{22}+b_{12}\big(\xi_{22}u_{22} - a_{21}u_{12}\big)+b_{13}\big(-a_{31}u_{12} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})$ $\qquad +u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)+v_{12}\xi_{24}=\frac{1}{6}$ 8 $b_{21}u_{12}\xi_{22}+b_{22}\big(\xi_{22}u_{22} - a_{21}u_{12}\big)+b_{23}\big(-a_{31}u_{12} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})$ $\qquad+u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)=0$ 9 $-b_{11}u_{12}^{3}+b_{12}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{3}+b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12}) +a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)^{3}$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{25}\frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{4}$ 10 $-b_{21}u_{12}^{3}+b_{22}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{3}+b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12}) +a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})$ $\qquad-u_{32}\big)^{3}=0$ 11 $-b_{11}u_{12}^{2}\xi_{22} + b_{12}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})(\xi_{22}u_{22}-a_{21}u_{12}) +b_{13}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})+a_{32}$ $\qquad (u_{21}+u_{22})-u_{32}\big)\big(-a_{31}u_{12}+a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22})+u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)+v_{12}\xi_{26} =\frac{1}{8}$ 12 $-b_{21}u_{12}^{2}\xi_{22} + b_{22}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})(\xi_{22}u_{22}-a_{21}u_{12}) +b_{23}\big(a_{31}(u_{11} + u_{12})$ $\qquad+a_{32}(u_{21} + u_{22})-u_{32}\big)\big(-a_{31}u_{12}+a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11}+u_{12})-u_{22})+u_{32}\xi_{22}\big)=0$ 13 $b_{11}u_{12}\xi_{23} + b_{12}(a_{21}u_{12}^{2}+\xi_{23}u_{22}) + b_{13}\big(a_{31}u_{12}^{2} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{2}+u_{32}\xi_{23}\big)$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{27}=\frac{1}{12}$ 14 $b_{21}u_{12}\xi_{23} + b_{22}(a_{21}u_{12}^{2}+\xi_{23}u_{22}) + b_{23}\big(a_{31}u_{12}^{2} + a_{32}(a_{21}(u_{11} + u_{12})-u_{22})^{2}$ $\qquad+u_{32}\xi_{23}\big)=0$ 15 $b_{11}u_{12}\xi_{24} + b_{12}(\xi_{22}a_{21}u_{12}+\xi_{24}u_{22}) + b_{13}\big(a_{31}u_{12}\xi_{22} + a_{32}(\xi_{22}u_{22} -a_{21}u_{12})+u_{32}\xi_{24}\big)$ $\qquad+v_{12}\xi_{28}=\frac{1}{24}$ 16 $b_{21}u_{12}\xi_{24} + b_{22}(\xi_{22}a_{21}u_{12}+\xi_{24}u_{22}) + b_{23}\big(a_{31}u_{12}\xi_{22} + a_{32}(\xi_{22}u_{22} -a_{21}u_{12})$ $\qquad+u_{32}\xi_{24}\big)=0$
Coefficients Set 1 of third order GLM
 $u_{11}=1$ $u_{12}=0$ $a_{21}=\frac{13}{18}$ $u_{21}=\frac{7}{9}$ $u_{22}=\frac{2}{9}$ $a_{31}=\frac{-17}{9}$ $a_{32}=2$ $u_{31}=\frac{17}{9}$ $u_{32}=\frac{-8}{9}$ $b_{11}=\frac{1}{6}$ $b_{12}=\frac{2}{3}$ $b_{13}=\frac{1}{6}$ $v_{11}=1$ $v_{12}=0$ $b_{21}=0$ $b_{22}=0$ $b_{23}=0$ $v_{21}=1$ $v_{22}=0$
 $u_{11}=1$ $u_{12}=0$ $a_{21}=\frac{13}{18}$ $u_{21}=\frac{7}{9}$ $u_{22}=\frac{2}{9}$ $a_{31}=\frac{-17}{9}$ $a_{32}=2$ $u_{31}=\frac{17}{9}$ $u_{32}=\frac{-8}{9}$ $b_{11}=\frac{1}{6}$ $b_{12}=\frac{2}{3}$ $b_{13}=\frac{1}{6}$ $v_{11}=1$ $v_{12}=0$ $b_{21}=0$ $b_{22}=0$ $b_{23}=0$ $v_{21}=1$ $v_{22}=0$
Coefficients Set 2 of third order GLM
 $u_{11}=1$ $u_{12}=0$ $a_{21}=\frac{2}{3}$ $u_{21}=\frac{5}{6}$ $u_{22}=\frac{1}{6}$ $a_{31}=\frac{-5}{3}$ $a_{32}=2$ $u_{31}=\frac{5}{3}$ $u_{32}=\frac{-2}{3}$ $b_{11}=\frac{1}{6}$ $b_{12}=\frac{2}{3}$ $b_{13}=\frac{1}{6}$ $v_{11}=1$ $v_{12}=0$ $b_{21}=0$ $b_{22}=0$ $b_{23}=0$ $v_{21}=1$ $v_{22}=0$
 $u_{11}=1$ $u_{12}=0$ $a_{21}=\frac{2}{3}$ $u_{21}=\frac{5}{6}$ $u_{22}=\frac{1}{6}$ $a_{31}=\frac{-5}{3}$ $a_{32}=2$ $u_{31}=\frac{5}{3}$ $u_{32}=\frac{-2}{3}$ $b_{11}=\frac{1}{6}$ $b_{12}=\frac{2}{3}$ $b_{13}=\frac{1}{6}$ $v_{11}=1$ $v_{12}=0$ $b_{21}=0$ $b_{22}=0$ $b_{23}=0$ $v_{21}=1$ $v_{22}=0$
Coefficients Set 3 of third order GLM
 $u_{11}=1$ $u_{12}=0$ $a_{21}=\frac{5}{6}$ $u_{21}=\frac{2}{3}$ $u_{22}=\frac{1}{3}$ $a_{31}=\frac{-7}{3}$ $a_{32}=2$ $u_{31}=\frac{7}{3}$ $u_{32}=\frac{-4}{3}$ $b_{11}=\frac{1}{6}$ $b_{12}=\frac{2}{3}$ $b_{13}=\frac{1}{6}$ $v_{11}=1$ $v_{12}=0$ $b_{21}=0$ $b_{22}=0$ $b_{23}=0$ $v_{21}=1$ $v_{22}=0$
 $u_{11}=1$ $u_{12}=0$ $a_{21}=\frac{5}{6}$ $u_{21}=\frac{2}{3}$ $u_{22}=\frac{1}{3}$ $a_{31}=\frac{-7}{3}$ $a_{32}=2$ $u_{31}=\frac{7}{3}$ $u_{32}=\frac{-4}{3}$ $b_{11}=\frac{1}{6}$ $b_{12}=\frac{2}{3}$ $b_{13}=\frac{1}{6}$ $v_{11}=1$ $v_{12}=0$ $b_{21}=0$ $b_{22}=0$ $b_{23}=0$ $v_{21}=1$ $v_{22}=0$
Maximum global errors for Problem 1
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $1.2347\times 10^{-6}$ $4.7137\times 10^{-6}$ $h=0.025$ $9.9859\times 10^{-9}$ $7.1772\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.01$ $5.6041\times 10^{-10}$ $4.6094\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.005$ $6.7079\times 10^{-11}$ $5.7715\times 10^{-10}$ $h=0.001$ $5.1845\times 10^{-13}$ $4.6243\times 10^{-12}$
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $1.2347\times 10^{-6}$ $4.7137\times 10^{-6}$ $h=0.025$ $9.9859\times 10^{-9}$ $7.1772\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.01$ $5.6041\times 10^{-10}$ $4.6094\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.005$ $6.7079\times 10^{-11}$ $5.7715\times 10^{-10}$ $h=0.001$ $5.1845\times 10^{-13}$ $4.6243\times 10^{-12}$
Maximum global errors for Problem 2
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $2.4606\times 10^{-6}$ $6.9906\times 10^{-6}$ $h=0.025$ $1.6319\times 10^{-8}$ $1.0137\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.01$ $8.3870\times 10^{-10}$ $6.4622\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.005$ $9.7077\times 10^{-11}$ $8.0749\times 10^{-10}$ $h=0.001$ $7.2935\times 10^{-13}$ $6.4604\times 10^{-12}$
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $2.4606\times 10^{-6}$ $6.9906\times 10^{-6}$ $h=0.025$ $1.6319\times 10^{-8}$ $1.0137\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.01$ $8.3870\times 10^{-10}$ $6.4622\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.005$ $9.7077\times 10^{-11}$ $8.0749\times 10^{-10}$ $h=0.001$ $7.2935\times 10^{-13}$ $6.4604\times 10^{-12}$
Maximum global errors for Problem 3
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $3.9332\times 10^{-6}$ $4.8141\times 10^{-5}$ $h=0.025$ $1.4323\times 10^{-7}$ $1.4400\times 10^{-6}$ $h=0.01$ $1.0939\times 10^{-8}$ $1.0134\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.005$ $1.4325\times 10^{-9}$ $1.3052\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.001$ $1.1851\times 10^{-11}$ $1.0688\times 10^{-10}$
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $3.9332\times 10^{-6}$ $4.8141\times 10^{-5}$ $h=0.025$ $1.4323\times 10^{-7}$ $1.4400\times 10^{-6}$ $h=0.01$ $1.0939\times 10^{-8}$ $1.0134\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.005$ $1.4325\times 10^{-9}$ $1.3052\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.001$ $1.1851\times 10^{-11}$ $1.0688\times 10^{-10}$
Maximum global errors for Problem 4
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $4.5416\times 10^{-6}$ $1.4256\times 10^{-5}$ $h=0.025$ $1.7061\times 10^{-8}$ $2.5908\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.01$ $1.4270\times 10^{-9}$ $1.7075\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.005$ $2.1002\times 10^{-10}$ $2.1553\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.001$ $1.8836\times 10^{-12}$ $1.7377\times 10^{-11}$
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $4.5416\times 10^{-6}$ $1.4256\times 10^{-5}$ $h=0.025$ $1.7061\times 10^{-8}$ $2.5908\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.01$ $1.4270\times 10^{-9}$ $1.7075\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.005$ $2.1002\times 10^{-10}$ $2.1553\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.001$ $1.8836\times 10^{-12}$ $1.7377\times 10^{-11}$
Maximum global errors for Problem 5
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $6.3429\times 10^{-6}$ $3.3432\times 10^{-5}$ $h=0.025$ $4.4142\times 10^{-8}$ $6.3237\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.01$ $4.0164\times 10^{-9}$ $4.1259\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.005$ $5.4245\times 10^{-10}$ $5.1811\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.001$ $4.5689\times 10^{-12}$ $4.1572\times 10^{-11}$
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size MAXE $h=0.1$ $6.3429\times 10^{-6}$ $3.3432\times 10^{-5}$ $h=0.025$ $4.4142\times 10^{-8}$ $6.3237\times 10^{-7}$ $h=0.01$ $4.0164\times 10^{-9}$ $4.1259\times 10^{-8}$ $h=0.005$ $5.4245\times 10^{-10}$ $5.1811\times 10^{-9}$ $h=0.001$ $4.5689\times 10^{-12}$ $4.1572\times 10^{-11}$
Total number of function evaluations Problems 1 - 5
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size TFE $h=0.1$ $34$ $34$ $h=0.025$ $124$ $124$ $h=0.01$ $304$ $304$ $h=0.005$ $604$ $604$ $h=0.001$ $3004$ $3004$
 GLM, $s=3$ RK, $s=3$ Step size TFE $h=0.1$ $34$ $34$ $h=0.025$ $124$ $124$ $h=0.01$ $304$ $304$ $h=0.005$ $604$ $604$ $h=0.001$ $3004$ $3004$
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