Figure 1.
Schematic of the mathematically modelled System to coordinate STATCOM and PSS controllers
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December
2021, 11(4): 579-611.
doi: 10.3934/naco.2020057
A novel hybrid AGWO-PSO algorithm in mitigation of power network oscillations with STATCOM
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004 |
The assimilation of flexible AC transmission (FACTS) controllers to the existing power network outweigh the numerous alternatives in enhancing the damping behavior for the inter-area /intra-area system oscillations of a power network. This paper provides a rigorous analysis in damping of oscillations in a power network. It utilizes a shunt connected voltage source converter (VSC) based FACTS device to enhance the system operating characteristics. A comprehensive system mathematical modelling has been developed for demonstrating the system behavior under different loading conditions. A novel hybrid augmented grey wolf optimization-particle swarm optimization (AGWO-PSO) is proposed for the coordinated design of controllers static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and power system stabilizers (PSSs). A multi-objective function, comprising damping ratio improvement and drifting the real part to the left-hand side of S-plane of the system poles, has been developed to achieve the objective and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms have been analyzed by monitoring the system performance under different loading conditions. Eigenvalue analysis and damping nature of the system states under perturbation have been presented for the proposed algorithms under different loading conditions, and the performance evaluation of the proposed algorithms have been done by means of time of execution and the convergence characteristics.
Keywords:
Grey wolf optimization,
particle swarm optimization,
power system stabilizers,
small signal stability,
STATCOM.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
65k10; 93D15; 93D09; 49M99.
Citation:
Ramesh Devarapalli, Biplab Bhattacharyya. A novel hybrid AGWO-PSO algorithm in mitigation of power network oscillations with STATCOM. Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization,
2021, 11
(4)
: 579-611.
doi: 10.3934/naco.2020057
![]()
References:
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| [2] |
V. S. Aragón, S. C. Esquivel and C. C. Coello,
An immune algorithm with power redistribution for solving economic dispatch problems, Information Sciences, 295 (2015), 609-632.
doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2014.10.026. |
| [3] |
M. Basu,
Squirrel search algorithm for multi-region combined heat and power economic dispatch incorporating renewable energy sources, Energy, 182 (2019), 296-305.
|
| [4] |
A. Cuevas, M. Febrero and R. Fraiman,
An anova test for functional data, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 47 (2004), 111-122.
doi: 10.1016/j.csda.2003.10.021. |
| [5] |
J. Derrac, S. García, D. Molina and F. Herrera,
A practical tutorial on the use of nonparametric statistical tests as a methodology for comparing evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 1 (2011), 3-18.
|
| [6] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, Application of modified harris hawks optimization in power system oscillations damping controller design, in 2019 8th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), IEEE, (2019), 1–6. |
| [7] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, A framework for $h_{2} /h_\infty$ synthesis in damping power network oscillations with statcom, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering, 1–22. |
| [8] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, Optimal parameter tuning of power oscillation damper by mhho algorithm, in 2019 20th International Conference on Intelligent System Application to Power Systems (ISAP), IEEE, 2019, 1–7.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-1816-0. |
| [9] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, A hybrid modified grey wolf optimization-sine cosine algorithm-based power system stabilizer parameter tuning in a multimachine power system, Optimal Control Applications and Methods. |
| [10] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, Optimal controller parameter tuning of pss using sine-cosine algorithm, in Metaheuristic and Evolutionary Computation: Algorithms and Applications, Springer, 2020,337–360. |
| [11] |
R. Devarapalli, B. Bhattacharyya and J. K. Saw, Controller parameter tuning of a single machine infinite bus system with static synchronous compensator using antlion optimization algorithm for the power system stability improvement, Advanced Control for Applications: Engineering and Industrial Systems, 2 (2020), e45. |
| [12] |
R. Devarapalli, B. Bhattacharyya and N. K. Sinha,
An intelligent egwo-sca-cs algorithm for pss parameter tuning under system uncertainties, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 35 (2020), 1520-1569.
|
| [13] |
R. Devarapalli, B. Bhattacharyya, N. K. Sinha and B. Dey, Amended gwo approach based multi-machine power system stability enhancement, ISA Transactions. |
| [14] |
M. Ebeed, S. Kamel and H. Youssef, Optimal setting of statcom based on voltage stability improvement and power loss minimization using moth-flame algorithm, in 2016 Eighteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), IEEE, 2016,815–820. |
| [15] |
A. A. El-Fergany and H. M. Hasanien,
Salp swarm optimizer to solve optimal power flow comprising voltage stability analysis, Neural Computing and Applications, 32 (2020), 5267-5283.
|
| [16] |
S. Feng, P. Jiang and X. Wu, Suppression of power system forced oscillations based on pss with proportional-resonant controller, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 27 (2017), e2328. |
| [17] |
B. Hekimoğlu,
Sine-cosine algorithm-based optimization for automatic voltage regulator system, Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, 41 (2019), 1761-1771.
|
| [18] |
V. K. Kamboj,
A novel hybrid pso–gwo approach for unit commitment problem, Neural Computing and Applications, 27 (2016), 1643-1655.
|
| [19] |
R. Khosravanian, V. Mansouri, D. A. Wood and M. R. Alipour,
A comparative study of several metaheuristic algorithms for optimizing complex 3-d well-path designs, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 8 (2018), 1487-1503.
|
| [20] |
P. Kundur, N. J. Balu and M. G. Lauby, Power System Stability and Control, Vol. 7, McGraw-hill New York, 1994. |
| [21] |
Z. Li, D. Zou and Z. Kong,
A harmony search variant and a useful constraint handling method for the dynamic economic emission dispatch problems considering transmission loss, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 84 (2019), 18-40.
|
| [22] |
S. Mirjalili,
Moth-flame optimization algorithm: A novel nature-inspired heuristic paradigm, Knowledge-Based Systems, 89 (2015), 228-249.
|
| [23] |
S. Mirjalili, S. M. Mirjalili and A. Lewis,
Grey wolf optimizer, Advances in Engineering Software, 69 (2014), 46-61.
|
| [24] |
M. Molga and C. Smutnicki, Test functions for optimization needs, Test Functions for Optimization Needs, 101 (2005), 48. |
| [25] |
K. Padiyar et al., Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control, John Wiley New York, 1996. |
| [26] |
B. V. Patil, L. P. M. I. Sampath, A. Krishnan and F. Y. Eddy,
Decentralized nonlinear model predictive control of a multimachine power system, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 106 (2019), 358-372.
|
| [27] |
M. H. Qais, H. M. Hasanien and S. Alghuwainem,
Augmented grey wolf optimizer for grid-connected pmsg-based wind energy conversion systems, Applied Soft Computing, 69 (2018), 504-515.
|
| [28] |
M. Rahmatian and S. Seyedtabaii,
Multi-machine optimal power system stabilizers design based on system stability and nonlinearity indices using hyper-spherical search method, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 105 (2019), 729-740.
|
| [29] |
S. Raj and B. Bhattacharyya,
Optimal placement of tcsc and svc for reactive power planning using whale optimization algorithm, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 40 (2018), 131-143.
|
| [30] |
A. Salgotra and S. Pan,
Model based pi power system stabilizer design for damping low frequency oscillations in power systems, ISA Transactions, 76 (2018), 110-121.
|
| [31] |
M. Sarailoo, N. E. Wu and J. S. Bay,
Transient stability assessment of large lossy power systems, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12 (2017), 1822-1830.
|
| [32] |
S. Saurav, V. K. Gupta and S. K. Mishra, Moth-flame optimization based algorithm for facts devices allocation in a power system, in 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), IEEE, 2017, 1–7. |
| [33] |
I. Stojanović, I. Brajević, P. S. Stanimirović, L. A. Kazakovtsev and Z. Zdravev, Application of heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms in solving constrained weber problem with feasible region bounded by arcs, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017.
doi: 10.1155/2017/8306732. |
| [34] |
R. K. Varma, Introduction to facts controllers, in 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, IEEE, 2009, 1–6. |
| [35] |
Z. Wang, Z. Liu, J. Wang, X. Jiang, S. Liu, Y. Liu, G. Sheng and T. Liu,
The application of analytical mechanics in a multimachine power system, Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 26 (2018), 1530-1540.
|
| [36] |
D. H. Wolpert and W. G. Macready,
No free lunch theorems for optimization, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1 (1997), 67-82.
|
| [37] |
G. Yuan and W. Yang,
Study on optimization of economic dispatching of electric power system based on hybrid intelligent algorithms (pso and afsa), Energy, 183 (2019), 926-935.
|
| [38] |
P. Zhao, W. Yao, S. Wang, J. Wen and S. Cheng,
Decentralized nonlinear synergetic power system stabilizers design for power system stability enhancement, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 24 (2014), 1356-1368.
|
show all references
References:
| [1] | |
| [2] |
V. S. Aragón, S. C. Esquivel and C. C. Coello,
An immune algorithm with power redistribution for solving economic dispatch problems, Information Sciences, 295 (2015), 609-632.
doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2014.10.026. |
| [3] |
M. Basu,
Squirrel search algorithm for multi-region combined heat and power economic dispatch incorporating renewable energy sources, Energy, 182 (2019), 296-305.
|
| [4] |
A. Cuevas, M. Febrero and R. Fraiman,
An anova test for functional data, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 47 (2004), 111-122.
doi: 10.1016/j.csda.2003.10.021. |
| [5] |
J. Derrac, S. García, D. Molina and F. Herrera,
A practical tutorial on the use of nonparametric statistical tests as a methodology for comparing evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 1 (2011), 3-18.
|
| [6] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, Application of modified harris hawks optimization in power system oscillations damping controller design, in 2019 8th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), IEEE, (2019), 1–6. |
| [7] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, A framework for $h_{2} /h_\infty$ synthesis in damping power network oscillations with statcom, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering, 1–22. |
| [8] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, Optimal parameter tuning of power oscillation damper by mhho algorithm, in 2019 20th International Conference on Intelligent System Application to Power Systems (ISAP), IEEE, 2019, 1–7.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-1816-0. |
| [9] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, A hybrid modified grey wolf optimization-sine cosine algorithm-based power system stabilizer parameter tuning in a multimachine power system, Optimal Control Applications and Methods. |
| [10] |
R. Devarapalli and B. Bhattacharyya, Optimal controller parameter tuning of pss using sine-cosine algorithm, in Metaheuristic and Evolutionary Computation: Algorithms and Applications, Springer, 2020,337–360. |
| [11] |
R. Devarapalli, B. Bhattacharyya and J. K. Saw, Controller parameter tuning of a single machine infinite bus system with static synchronous compensator using antlion optimization algorithm for the power system stability improvement, Advanced Control for Applications: Engineering and Industrial Systems, 2 (2020), e45. |
| [12] |
R. Devarapalli, B. Bhattacharyya and N. K. Sinha,
An intelligent egwo-sca-cs algorithm for pss parameter tuning under system uncertainties, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 35 (2020), 1520-1569.
|
| [13] |
R. Devarapalli, B. Bhattacharyya, N. K. Sinha and B. Dey, Amended gwo approach based multi-machine power system stability enhancement, ISA Transactions. |
| [14] |
M. Ebeed, S. Kamel and H. Youssef, Optimal setting of statcom based on voltage stability improvement and power loss minimization using moth-flame algorithm, in 2016 Eighteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), IEEE, 2016,815–820. |
| [15] |
A. A. El-Fergany and H. M. Hasanien,
Salp swarm optimizer to solve optimal power flow comprising voltage stability analysis, Neural Computing and Applications, 32 (2020), 5267-5283.
|
| [16] |
S. Feng, P. Jiang and X. Wu, Suppression of power system forced oscillations based on pss with proportional-resonant controller, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 27 (2017), e2328. |
| [17] |
B. Hekimoğlu,
Sine-cosine algorithm-based optimization for automatic voltage regulator system, Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, 41 (2019), 1761-1771.
|
| [18] |
V. K. Kamboj,
A novel hybrid pso–gwo approach for unit commitment problem, Neural Computing and Applications, 27 (2016), 1643-1655.
|
| [19] |
R. Khosravanian, V. Mansouri, D. A. Wood and M. R. Alipour,
A comparative study of several metaheuristic algorithms for optimizing complex 3-d well-path designs, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 8 (2018), 1487-1503.
|
| [20] |
P. Kundur, N. J. Balu and M. G. Lauby, Power System Stability and Control, Vol. 7, McGraw-hill New York, 1994. |
| [21] |
Z. Li, D. Zou and Z. Kong,
A harmony search variant and a useful constraint handling method for the dynamic economic emission dispatch problems considering transmission loss, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 84 (2019), 18-40.
|
| [22] |
S. Mirjalili,
Moth-flame optimization algorithm: A novel nature-inspired heuristic paradigm, Knowledge-Based Systems, 89 (2015), 228-249.
|
| [23] |
S. Mirjalili, S. M. Mirjalili and A. Lewis,
Grey wolf optimizer, Advances in Engineering Software, 69 (2014), 46-61.
|
| [24] |
M. Molga and C. Smutnicki, Test functions for optimization needs, Test Functions for Optimization Needs, 101 (2005), 48. |
| [25] |
K. Padiyar et al., Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control, John Wiley New York, 1996. |
| [26] |
B. V. Patil, L. P. M. I. Sampath, A. Krishnan and F. Y. Eddy,
Decentralized nonlinear model predictive control of a multimachine power system, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 106 (2019), 358-372.
|
| [27] |
M. H. Qais, H. M. Hasanien and S. Alghuwainem,
Augmented grey wolf optimizer for grid-connected pmsg-based wind energy conversion systems, Applied Soft Computing, 69 (2018), 504-515.
|
| [28] |
M. Rahmatian and S. Seyedtabaii,
Multi-machine optimal power system stabilizers design based on system stability and nonlinearity indices using hyper-spherical search method, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 105 (2019), 729-740.
|
| [29] |
S. Raj and B. Bhattacharyya,
Optimal placement of tcsc and svc for reactive power planning using whale optimization algorithm, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 40 (2018), 131-143.
|
| [30] |
A. Salgotra and S. Pan,
Model based pi power system stabilizer design for damping low frequency oscillations in power systems, ISA Transactions, 76 (2018), 110-121.
|
| [31] |
M. Sarailoo, N. E. Wu and J. S. Bay,
Transient stability assessment of large lossy power systems, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12 (2017), 1822-1830.
|
| [32] |
S. Saurav, V. K. Gupta and S. K. Mishra, Moth-flame optimization based algorithm for facts devices allocation in a power system, in 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), IEEE, 2017, 1–7. |
| [33] |
I. Stojanović, I. Brajević, P. S. Stanimirović, L. A. Kazakovtsev and Z. Zdravev, Application of heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms in solving constrained weber problem with feasible region bounded by arcs, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017.
doi: 10.1155/2017/8306732. |
| [34] |
R. K. Varma, Introduction to facts controllers, in 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, IEEE, 2009, 1–6. |
| [35] |
Z. Wang, Z. Liu, J. Wang, X. Jiang, S. Liu, Y. Liu, G. Sheng and T. Liu,
The application of analytical mechanics in a multimachine power system, Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 26 (2018), 1530-1540.
|
| [36] |
D. H. Wolpert and W. G. Macready,
No free lunch theorems for optimization, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1 (1997), 67-82.
|
| [37] |
G. Yuan and W. Yang,
Study on optimization of economic dispatching of electric power system based on hybrid intelligent algorithms (pso and afsa), Energy, 183 (2019), 926-935.
|
| [38] |
P. Zhao, W. Yao, S. Wang, J. Wen and S. Cheng,
Decentralized nonlinear synergetic power system stabilizers design for power system stability enhancement, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 24 (2014), 1356-1368.
|
Figure 2.
Power System Stabilizer block diagram representation
Figure 4.
Governance hierarchy of GWs
Figure 5.
Regulation vectors adjustment for catching the prey
Figure 6.
Attacking and searching strategy of GWs
Figure 7.
(a) 2D representation of F1-F23, (b) Search space, (c) Average fitness obtained over the iterations, (d) box and whisker plot, (e) Convergence curves
Figure 8.
Convergence characteristics of the proposed optimization algorithms under (a) Light Load, (b) Nominal Load and (c) Heavy Load condition
Figure 9.
Execution time (in sec.) of proposed heuristic methods under different loading conditions
Figure 10.
Damping behavior of system states for 10% perturbation under light load with different algorithms
Figure 11.
Damping behavior of system states for 10% perturbation under light load with different algorithms
Figure 12.
Damping behavior of system states for 10% perturbation under heavy load with different algorithms
Table 1.
Application of different meta-heuristic techniques for research problems in the electric power system
| Suggested Algorithm | Performance comparison with algorithm | Problem solution | Considered Test system | Ref. |
| SCA | ZN, DE, ABC, BBO | controller parameters of AVR system | Sample test system | [17] |
| SSA | MSA, DE, MDE, PSO, TSA | OPF problem with voltage stability objective | IEEE 57- and 118-bus | [15] |
| Variant of HSA | Other variants of HSA | Economic Emission problem | 5, 6, 10, 14- test systems | [21] |
| SSOA | GWO, PSO, DE, EP | MRCHPED problem | three region test system | [3] |
| SCA | ALO, DA | Power system oscillation damping | 2 machine with STATCOM | [10] |
| Hybrid PSO-AFSA | PSO, AFSA | ELD problem | 5, 10 Units system | [37] |
| ALO | PSO | PSS parameter tuning | SMIB with STATCOM | [11] |
| IA | Algorithms from literature | Economic Dispatch problem | 8 test systems | [2] |
| HHO modified | GWO, WOA, ALO | Stabilizers coordination | SMIB with STATCOM | [6,8] |
| Suggested Algorithm | Performance comparison with algorithm | Problem solution | Considered Test system | Ref. |
| SCA | ZN, DE, ABC, BBO | controller parameters of AVR system | Sample test system | [17] |
| SSA | MSA, DE, MDE, PSO, TSA | OPF problem with voltage stability objective | IEEE 57- and 118-bus | [15] |
| Variant of HSA | Other variants of HSA | Economic Emission problem | 5, 6, 10, 14- test systems | [21] |
| SSOA | GWO, PSO, DE, EP | MRCHPED problem | three region test system | [3] |
| SCA | ALO, DA | Power system oscillation damping | 2 machine with STATCOM | [10] |
| Hybrid PSO-AFSA | PSO, AFSA | ELD problem | 5, 10 Units system | [37] |
| ALO | PSO | PSS parameter tuning | SMIB with STATCOM | [11] |
| IA | Algorithms from literature | Economic Dispatch problem | 8 test systems | [2] |
| HHO modified | GWO, WOA, ALO | Stabilizers coordination | SMIB with STATCOM | [6,8] |
Table 2.
Mean, Standard deviation (SD), Best and worst values obtained with different algorithms
| $\textbf{Functions}$ | $\textbf{PSO}$ | $\textbf{MFO}$ | $\textbf{GWO}$ | $\textbf{AGWO}$ | $\textbf{AGWOPSO}$ | |
| $\textbf{F1: Sphere}$ | Mean | 1.21E-27 | 1.26E-25 | 1.81E-05 | 2.74E-25 | 9.59E-06 |
| SD | 1.40E-27 | 2.17E-25 | 8.12E-06 | 5.90E-25 | 4.67E-06 | |
| Best | 7.00E-30 | 2.04E-27 | 6.75E-06 | 7.01E-27 | 3.26E-06 | |
| Worst | 5.18E-27 | 1.11E-24 | 3.63E-05 | 3.01E-24 | 2.08E-05 | |
| $\textbf{F2: Schwefel 2.22}$ | Mean | 1.18E-16 | 1.45E-15 | 1.63E-03 | 1.76E-15 | 1.09E-03 |
| SD | 7.79E-17 | 1.51E-15 | 5.46E-04 | 1.15E-15 | 2.13E-04 | |
| Best | 1.10E-17 | 2.02E-16 | 9.45E-04 | 4.12E-16 | 7.33E-04 | |
| Worst | 3.57E-16 | 6.04E-15 | 3.83E-03 | 6.38E-15 | 1.52E-03 | |
| $\textbf{F3: Schwefel 1.2}$ | Mean | 1.30E-05 | 2.32E-04 | 4.84E-01 | 1.49E-05 | 1.42E-01 |
| SD | 3.68E-05 | 5.55E-04 | 5.71E-01 | 2.35E-05 | 1.12E-01 | |
| Best | 2.15E-09 | 3.43E-07 | 2.36E-02 | 7.99E-09 | 8.57E-03 | |
| Worst | 1.79E-04 | 2.46E-03 | 3.25E+00 | 9.74E-05 | 4.45E-01 | |
| $\textbf{F4: Schwefel 2.21}$ | Mean | 1.15E-06 | 2.19E-06 | 3.30E-01 | 1.93E-06 | 1.90E-01 |
| SD | 1.09E-06 | 2.82E-06 | 1.09E-01 | 1.18E-06 | 4.73E-02 | |
| Best | 1.29E-07 | 3.03E-07 | 1.62E-01 | 1.66E-07 | 1.11E-01 | |
| Worst | 4.80E-06 | 1.54E-05 | 5.45E-01 | 4.72E-06 | 2.78E-01 | |
| $\textbf{F5: Rosenbrock}$ | Mean | 2.95E+01 | 2.95E+01 | 3.11E+01 | 2.97E+01 | 3.85E+01 |
| SD | 7.79E-01 | 8.06E-01 | 6.25E-01 | 9.26E-01 | 2.14E+01 | |
| Best | 2.84E+01 | 2.81E+01 | 2.97E+01 | 2.78E+01 | 2.89E+01 | |
| Worst | 3.14E+01 | 3.14E+01 | 3.18E+01 | 3.14E+01 | 1.03E+02 | |
| $\textbf{F6: Step}$ | Mean | 8.33E-01 | 8.07E-01 | 4.48E+00 | 1.15E+00 | 5.20E+00 |
| SD | 4.07E-01 | 4.69E-01 | 5.37E-01 | 5.07E-01 | 6.25E-01 | |
| Best | 6.19E-05 | 2.74E-07 | 3.58E+00 | 2.55E-01 | 3.86E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.64E+00 | 1.82E+00 | 5.23E+00 | 2.46E+00 | 6.31E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F7: Quartic}$ | Mean | 1.67E-03 | 2.11E-03 | 3.53E-02 | 2.60E-03 | 2.93E-02 |
| SD | 9.55E-04 | 1.27E-03 | 9.30E-03 | 8.54E-04 | 8.34E-03 | |
| Best | 3.43E-04 | 8.07E-04 | 2.13E-02 | 1.11E-03 | 1.39E-02 | |
| Worst | 4.54E-03 | 6.70E-03 | 6.09E-02 | 4.59E-03 | 5.91E-02 | |
| $\textbf{F8: Schwefel}$ | Mean | -6.58E+03 | -6.33E+03 | -5.72E+03 | -1.24E+04 | -1.25E+04 |
| SD | 1.15E+03 | 1.23E+03 | 1.09E+03 | 8.64E+02 | 1.05E+03 | |
| Best | -8.55E+03 | -8.26E+03 | -7.71E+03 | -1.37E+04 | -1.35E+04 | |
| Worst | -3.34E+03 | -3.64E+03 | -2.28E+03 | -9.89E+03 | -7.61E+03 | |
| $\textbf{F9: Rastrigin}$ | Mean | 2.20E+00 | 3.31E+00 | 5.81E+01 | 5.17E+00 | 4.07E+01 |
| SD | 3.09E+00 | 4.75E+00 | 4.16E+01 | 5.68E+00 | 1.12E+01 | |
| Best | 6.20E-14 | 6.20E-14 | 3.21E+01 | 6.20E-14 | 2.11E+01 | |
| Worst | 1.24E+01 | 1.63E+01 | 2.69E+02 | 1.78E+01 | 7.27E+01 | |
| $\textbf{F10: Ackley}$ | Mean | 1.15E-13 | 2.24E-13 | 3.78E+00 | 2.62E-13 | 3.73E+00 |
| SD | 1.95E-14 | 6.46E-14 | 1.01E-01 | 6.88E-14 | 8.85E-02 | |
| Best | 8.24E-14 | 1.25E-13 | 3.35E+00 | 1.52E-13 | 3.50E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.56E-13 | 3.77E-13 | 3.90E+00 | 4.23E-13 | 3.85E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F11: Griewank}$ | Mean | 4.34E-03 | 3.58E-03 | 9.42E-03 | 6.42E-03 | 6.74E-03 |
| SD | 8.26E-03 | 7.71E-03 | 1.17E-02 | 1.10E-02 | 1.05E-02 | |
| Best | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 1.25E-05 | 0.00E+00 | 5.45E-06 | |
| Worst | 2.52E-02 | 2.78E-02 | 2.65E-02 | 4.36E-02 | 2.68E-02 | |
| $\textbf{F12: Penalized}$ | Mean | 4.72E-02 | 3.70E-02 | 4.97E+00 | 6.52E-02 | 5.02E+00 |
| SD | 2.32E-02 | 1.44E-02 | 1.38E+00 | 3.38E-02 | 1.45E+00 | |
| Best | 7.19E-03 | 1.39E-02 | 2.08E+00 | 1.11E-05 | 2.43E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.29E-01 | 7.27E-02 | 8.08E+00 | 1.24E-01 | 8.91E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F13: Penalize 2}$ | Mean | 7.08E-01 | 6.16E-01 | 3.52E+00 | 7.88E-01 | 2.28E+00 |
| SD | 2.93E-01 | 2.06E-01 | 5.98E-01 | 2.66E-01 | 7.11E-01 | |
| Best | 2.17E-01 | 1.02E-01 | 2.35E+00 | 3.38E-01 | 9.85E-01 | |
| Worst | 1.37E+00 | 9.03E-01 | 4.91E+00 | 1.43E+00 | 3.37E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F14: Foxholes}$ | Mean | 6.63E+00 | 7.34E+00 | 1.11E+01 | 6.73E+00 | 1.37E+01 |
| SD | 5.22E+00 | 5.43E+00 | 4.50E+00 | 5.56E+00 | 6.05E+00 | |
| Best | 1.09E+00 | 1.09E+00 | 2.17E+00 | 1.09E+00 | 1.09E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.38E+01 | 1.38E+01 | 2.00E+01 | 1.38E+01 | 2.50E+01 | |
| $\textbf{F15: Kowalik}$ | Mean | 6.26E-03 | 5.54E-03 | 2.32E-03 | 4.38E-04 | 1.53E-03 |
| SD | 9.79E-03 | 9.36E-03 | 5.66E-03 | 3.21E-04 | 6.23E-03 | |
| Best | 3.36E-04 | 3.36E-04 | 3.35E-04 | 3.36E-04 | 3.35E-04 | |
| Worst | 2.22E-02 | 2.22E-02 | 2.29E-02 | 1.74E-03 | 3.45E-02 | |
| $\textbf{F16: Six-hump }\; \textbf{Camel-Back}$ | Mean | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.12E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.12E+00 |
| SD | 3.15E-08 | 9.19E-12 | 8.76E-03 | 4.23E-08 | 8.76E-03 | |
| Best | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | |
| Worst | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.09E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.09E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F17: Branin}$ | Mean | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 5.22E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 |
| SD | 4.68E-06 | 3.05E-04 | 4.82E-01 | 1.62E-06 | 3.12E-07 | |
| Best | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | |
| Worst | 4.34E-01 | 4.35E-01 | 3.07E+00 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | |
| $\textbf{F18: Goldstein-Price}$ | Mean | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 4.26E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 1.41E+01 |
| SD | 7.76E-05 | 5.59E-05 | 5.38E+00 | 6.06E-05 | 1.44E+01 | |
| Best | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | |
| Worst | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+01 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+01 | |
| $\textbf{F19: Hartman 3}$ | Mean | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 |
| SD | 2.19E-03 | 2.30E-03 | 6.26E-04 | 4.28E-05 | 7.99E-06 | |
| Best | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | |
| Worst | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F20: Hartman 6}$ | Mean | -3.53E+00 | -3.57E+00 | -3.59E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 |
| SD | 9.68E-02 | 6.93E-02 | 6.05E-02 | 2.38E-02 | 3.29E-02 | |
| Best | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | |
| Worst | -3.37E+00 | -3.42E+00 | -3.49E+00 | -3.49E+00 | -3.49E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F21: Shekel5}$ | Mean | -1.02E+01 | -1.03E+01 | -7.45E+00 | -9.52E+00 | -5.84E+00 |
| SD | 2.10E+00 | 1.91E+00 | 4.00E+00 | 2.67E+00 | 3.43E+00 | |
| Best | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | |
| Worst | -5.52E+00 | -5.52E+00 | -2.87E+00 | -2.93E+00 | -1.48E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F22: Shekel7}$ | Mean | -1.13E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -7.49E+00 | -1.00E+01 | -5.89E+00 |
| SD | 9.28E-04 | 2.21E-07 | 4.20E+00 | 2.48E+00 | 3.30E+00 | |
| Best | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | |
| Worst | -1.13E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -3.00E+00 | -5.55E+00 | -1.53E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F23: Shekel10}$ | Mean | -1.11E+01 | -1.13E+01 | -8.14E+00 | -1.03E+01 | -7.10E+00 |
| SD | 1.50E+00 | 1.07E+00 | 4.20E+00 | 2.51E+00 | 4.02E+00 | |
| Best | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | |
| Worst | -5.60E+00 | -5.65E+00 | -2.64E+00 | -4.09E+00 | -1.86E+00 |
| $\textbf{Functions}$ | $\textbf{PSO}$ | $\textbf{MFO}$ | $\textbf{GWO}$ | $\textbf{AGWO}$ | $\textbf{AGWOPSO}$ | |
| $\textbf{F1: Sphere}$ | Mean | 1.21E-27 | 1.26E-25 | 1.81E-05 | 2.74E-25 | 9.59E-06 |
| SD | 1.40E-27 | 2.17E-25 | 8.12E-06 | 5.90E-25 | 4.67E-06 | |
| Best | 7.00E-30 | 2.04E-27 | 6.75E-06 | 7.01E-27 | 3.26E-06 | |
| Worst | 5.18E-27 | 1.11E-24 | 3.63E-05 | 3.01E-24 | 2.08E-05 | |
| $\textbf{F2: Schwefel 2.22}$ | Mean | 1.18E-16 | 1.45E-15 | 1.63E-03 | 1.76E-15 | 1.09E-03 |
| SD | 7.79E-17 | 1.51E-15 | 5.46E-04 | 1.15E-15 | 2.13E-04 | |
| Best | 1.10E-17 | 2.02E-16 | 9.45E-04 | 4.12E-16 | 7.33E-04 | |
| Worst | 3.57E-16 | 6.04E-15 | 3.83E-03 | 6.38E-15 | 1.52E-03 | |
| $\textbf{F3: Schwefel 1.2}$ | Mean | 1.30E-05 | 2.32E-04 | 4.84E-01 | 1.49E-05 | 1.42E-01 |
| SD | 3.68E-05 | 5.55E-04 | 5.71E-01 | 2.35E-05 | 1.12E-01 | |
| Best | 2.15E-09 | 3.43E-07 | 2.36E-02 | 7.99E-09 | 8.57E-03 | |
| Worst | 1.79E-04 | 2.46E-03 | 3.25E+00 | 9.74E-05 | 4.45E-01 | |
| $\textbf{F4: Schwefel 2.21}$ | Mean | 1.15E-06 | 2.19E-06 | 3.30E-01 | 1.93E-06 | 1.90E-01 |
| SD | 1.09E-06 | 2.82E-06 | 1.09E-01 | 1.18E-06 | 4.73E-02 | |
| Best | 1.29E-07 | 3.03E-07 | 1.62E-01 | 1.66E-07 | 1.11E-01 | |
| Worst | 4.80E-06 | 1.54E-05 | 5.45E-01 | 4.72E-06 | 2.78E-01 | |
| $\textbf{F5: Rosenbrock}$ | Mean | 2.95E+01 | 2.95E+01 | 3.11E+01 | 2.97E+01 | 3.85E+01 |
| SD | 7.79E-01 | 8.06E-01 | 6.25E-01 | 9.26E-01 | 2.14E+01 | |
| Best | 2.84E+01 | 2.81E+01 | 2.97E+01 | 2.78E+01 | 2.89E+01 | |
| Worst | 3.14E+01 | 3.14E+01 | 3.18E+01 | 3.14E+01 | 1.03E+02 | |
| $\textbf{F6: Step}$ | Mean | 8.33E-01 | 8.07E-01 | 4.48E+00 | 1.15E+00 | 5.20E+00 |
| SD | 4.07E-01 | 4.69E-01 | 5.37E-01 | 5.07E-01 | 6.25E-01 | |
| Best | 6.19E-05 | 2.74E-07 | 3.58E+00 | 2.55E-01 | 3.86E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.64E+00 | 1.82E+00 | 5.23E+00 | 2.46E+00 | 6.31E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F7: Quartic}$ | Mean | 1.67E-03 | 2.11E-03 | 3.53E-02 | 2.60E-03 | 2.93E-02 |
| SD | 9.55E-04 | 1.27E-03 | 9.30E-03 | 8.54E-04 | 8.34E-03 | |
| Best | 3.43E-04 | 8.07E-04 | 2.13E-02 | 1.11E-03 | 1.39E-02 | |
| Worst | 4.54E-03 | 6.70E-03 | 6.09E-02 | 4.59E-03 | 5.91E-02 | |
| $\textbf{F8: Schwefel}$ | Mean | -6.58E+03 | -6.33E+03 | -5.72E+03 | -1.24E+04 | -1.25E+04 |
| SD | 1.15E+03 | 1.23E+03 | 1.09E+03 | 8.64E+02 | 1.05E+03 | |
| Best | -8.55E+03 | -8.26E+03 | -7.71E+03 | -1.37E+04 | -1.35E+04 | |
| Worst | -3.34E+03 | -3.64E+03 | -2.28E+03 | -9.89E+03 | -7.61E+03 | |
| $\textbf{F9: Rastrigin}$ | Mean | 2.20E+00 | 3.31E+00 | 5.81E+01 | 5.17E+00 | 4.07E+01 |
| SD | 3.09E+00 | 4.75E+00 | 4.16E+01 | 5.68E+00 | 1.12E+01 | |
| Best | 6.20E-14 | 6.20E-14 | 3.21E+01 | 6.20E-14 | 2.11E+01 | |
| Worst | 1.24E+01 | 1.63E+01 | 2.69E+02 | 1.78E+01 | 7.27E+01 | |
| $\textbf{F10: Ackley}$ | Mean | 1.15E-13 | 2.24E-13 | 3.78E+00 | 2.62E-13 | 3.73E+00 |
| SD | 1.95E-14 | 6.46E-14 | 1.01E-01 | 6.88E-14 | 8.85E-02 | |
| Best | 8.24E-14 | 1.25E-13 | 3.35E+00 | 1.52E-13 | 3.50E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.56E-13 | 3.77E-13 | 3.90E+00 | 4.23E-13 | 3.85E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F11: Griewank}$ | Mean | 4.34E-03 | 3.58E-03 | 9.42E-03 | 6.42E-03 | 6.74E-03 |
| SD | 8.26E-03 | 7.71E-03 | 1.17E-02 | 1.10E-02 | 1.05E-02 | |
| Best | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 1.25E-05 | 0.00E+00 | 5.45E-06 | |
| Worst | 2.52E-02 | 2.78E-02 | 2.65E-02 | 4.36E-02 | 2.68E-02 | |
| $\textbf{F12: Penalized}$ | Mean | 4.72E-02 | 3.70E-02 | 4.97E+00 | 6.52E-02 | 5.02E+00 |
| SD | 2.32E-02 | 1.44E-02 | 1.38E+00 | 3.38E-02 | 1.45E+00 | |
| Best | 7.19E-03 | 1.39E-02 | 2.08E+00 | 1.11E-05 | 2.43E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.29E-01 | 7.27E-02 | 8.08E+00 | 1.24E-01 | 8.91E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F13: Penalize 2}$ | Mean | 7.08E-01 | 6.16E-01 | 3.52E+00 | 7.88E-01 | 2.28E+00 |
| SD | 2.93E-01 | 2.06E-01 | 5.98E-01 | 2.66E-01 | 7.11E-01 | |
| Best | 2.17E-01 | 1.02E-01 | 2.35E+00 | 3.38E-01 | 9.85E-01 | |
| Worst | 1.37E+00 | 9.03E-01 | 4.91E+00 | 1.43E+00 | 3.37E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F14: Foxholes}$ | Mean | 6.63E+00 | 7.34E+00 | 1.11E+01 | 6.73E+00 | 1.37E+01 |
| SD | 5.22E+00 | 5.43E+00 | 4.50E+00 | 5.56E+00 | 6.05E+00 | |
| Best | 1.09E+00 | 1.09E+00 | 2.17E+00 | 1.09E+00 | 1.09E+00 | |
| Worst | 1.38E+01 | 1.38E+01 | 2.00E+01 | 1.38E+01 | 2.50E+01 | |
| $\textbf{F15: Kowalik}$ | Mean | 6.26E-03 | 5.54E-03 | 2.32E-03 | 4.38E-04 | 1.53E-03 |
| SD | 9.79E-03 | 9.36E-03 | 5.66E-03 | 3.21E-04 | 6.23E-03 | |
| Best | 3.36E-04 | 3.36E-04 | 3.35E-04 | 3.36E-04 | 3.35E-04 | |
| Worst | 2.22E-02 | 2.22E-02 | 2.29E-02 | 1.74E-03 | 3.45E-02 | |
| $\textbf{F16: Six-hump }\; \textbf{Camel-Back}$ | Mean | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.12E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.12E+00 |
| SD | 3.15E-08 | 9.19E-12 | 8.76E-03 | 4.23E-08 | 8.76E-03 | |
| Best | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | |
| Worst | -1.13E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.09E+00 | -1.13E+00 | -1.09E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F17: Branin}$ | Mean | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 5.22E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 |
| SD | 4.68E-06 | 3.05E-04 | 4.82E-01 | 1.62E-06 | 3.12E-07 | |
| Best | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | |
| Worst | 4.34E-01 | 4.35E-01 | 3.07E+00 | 4.34E-01 | 4.34E-01 | |
| $\textbf{F18: Goldstein-Price}$ | Mean | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 4.26E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 1.41E+01 |
| SD | 7.76E-05 | 5.59E-05 | 5.38E+00 | 6.06E-05 | 1.44E+01 | |
| Best | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | |
| Worst | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+01 | 3.27E+00 | 3.27E+01 | |
| $\textbf{F19: Hartman 3}$ | Mean | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 |
| SD | 2.19E-03 | 2.30E-03 | 6.26E-04 | 4.28E-05 | 7.99E-06 | |
| Best | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | |
| Worst | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | -4.21E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F20: Hartman 6}$ | Mean | -3.53E+00 | -3.57E+00 | -3.59E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 |
| SD | 9.68E-02 | 6.93E-02 | 6.05E-02 | 2.38E-02 | 3.29E-02 | |
| Best | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | -3.62E+00 | |
| Worst | -3.37E+00 | -3.42E+00 | -3.49E+00 | -3.49E+00 | -3.49E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F21: Shekel5}$ | Mean | -1.02E+01 | -1.03E+01 | -7.45E+00 | -9.52E+00 | -5.84E+00 |
| SD | 2.10E+00 | 1.91E+00 | 4.00E+00 | 2.67E+00 | 3.43E+00 | |
| Best | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | -1.11E+01 | |
| Worst | -5.52E+00 | -5.52E+00 | -2.87E+00 | -2.93E+00 | -1.48E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F22: Shekel7}$ | Mean | -1.13E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -7.49E+00 | -1.00E+01 | -5.89E+00 |
| SD | 9.28E-04 | 2.21E-07 | 4.20E+00 | 2.48E+00 | 3.30E+00 | |
| Best | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -1.14E+01 | |
| Worst | -1.13E+01 | -1.14E+01 | -3.00E+00 | -5.55E+00 | -1.53E+00 | |
| $\textbf{F23: Shekel10}$ | Mean | -1.11E+01 | -1.13E+01 | -8.14E+00 | -1.03E+01 | -7.10E+00 |
| SD | 1.50E+00 | 1.07E+00 | 4.20E+00 | 2.51E+00 | 4.02E+00 | |
| Best | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | -1.15E+01 | |
| Worst | -5.60E+00 | -5.65E+00 | -2.64E+00 | -4.09E+00 | -1.86E+00 |
Table 3.
Wilcoxon paired signed ranks test for the test system
| Algorithm | p-value | |
| Light Load | ||
| (Pe1=Pe2=0.3& Qe1=Qe2=0.1) | ||
| AGWO-PSO Versus MFO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus GWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus PSO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus AGWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| Nominal Load | ||
| (Pe1=Pe2=0.8& Qe1=Qe2=0.6) | ||
| AGWO-PSO Versus MFO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus GWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus PSO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus AGWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| Heavy Load | ||
| (Pe1=Pe2=1.3& Qe1=Qe2=1.0) | ||
| AGWO-PSO Versus MFO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus GWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus PSO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus AGWO | 7.7122e-04 | + |
| Algorithm | p-value | |
| Light Load | ||
| (Pe1=Pe2=0.3& Qe1=Qe2=0.1) | ||
| AGWO-PSO Versus MFO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus GWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus PSO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus AGWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| Nominal Load | ||
| (Pe1=Pe2=0.8& Qe1=Qe2=0.6) | ||
| AGWO-PSO Versus MFO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus GWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus PSO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus AGWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| Heavy Load | ||
| (Pe1=Pe2=1.3& Qe1=Qe2=1.0) | ||
| AGWO-PSO Versus MFO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus GWO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus PSO | 1.7344e-06 | + |
| AGWO-PSO Versus AGWO | 7.7122e-04 | + |
Table 4.
Tuned parameters of controller parameters with the proposed metaheuristic optimization algorithms
| T11 | T21 | K1 | T12 | T22 | K2 | me | de | TOE | Jmin | ||
| Light Load | MFO | 2 | 0.353621 | 17.1851 | 0.896599 | 2 | 50 | 0.877263 | 0 | 21.1012 | 20634.638 |
| Pe1=Pe2=0.3 & | GWO | 1.99226 | 0.631084 | 20.0048 | 2 | 0.408557 | 7.68251 | 1 | 0.553048 | 19.8576 | 19744.427 |
| PSO | 1.99616 | 0.531169 | 17.1061 | 1.99706 | 0.376092 | 7.67036 | 0.93685 | 0.471697 | 22.568 | 19790.2423 | |
| AGWO | 2 | 0.814356 | 20.0335 | 0.223326 | 0.349201 | 0.145617 | 1 | 0.606624 | 20.511 | 19749.174 | |
| Qe1=Qe2=0.1 | AGWO-PSO | 1.91829 | 0.315199 | 16.476 | 2 | 0.367394 | 7.72613 | 0.759916 | 0 | 21.5609 | 19657.1023 |
| Nominal Load | MFO | 2 | 0.34587 | 6.5268 | 2 | 0.23173 | 4.0409 | 0.71636 | 1 | 25.2134 | 20069.6872 |
| Pe1=Pe2=0.8 & | GWO | 2 | 0.20802 | 4.8299 | 2 | 0.18249 | 4.344 | 1 | 0.00080834 | 21.9609 | 19897.141 |
| PSO | 2 | 0.34586 | 6.5267 | 2 | 0.23173 | 4.0409 | 0.71631 | 0.99996 | 23.2164 | 19918.5198 | |
| AGWO | 2 | 0.30786 | 5.9268 | 2 | 0.22043 | 2.9841 | 0.71539 | 1 | 20.9591 | 19457.3614 | |
| Qe1=Qe2=0.6 | AGWO-PSO | 2 | 0.21304 | 5.271 | 2 | 0.20313 | 5.4271 | 1 | 0 | 20.5927 | 19425.0108 |
| Heavy Load | MFO | 2 | 0.12956 | 3.698 | 2 | 0.1436 | 5.036 | 1 | 0 | 21.3626 | 20880.619 |
| Pe1=Pe2=1.3 & | GWO | 2 | 0.12949 | 3.7016 | 2 | 0.14394 | 5.0545 | 1 | 0.00074374 | 20.4907 | 20388.983 |
| PSO | 0.709342 | 0.168539 | 19.6737 | 0.69435 | 0.174195 | 19.1828 | 0.235767 | 0 | 22.1254 | 20396.0086 | |
| AGWO | 2 | 0.13122 | 3.7291 | 2 | 0.13306 | 4.9783 | 1 | 0 | 20.5043 | 20387.3276 | |
| Qe1=Qe2=1.0 | AGWO-PSO | 2 | 0.12329 | 3.5156 | 2 | 0.14564 | 5.9558 | 1 | 0 | 22.1768 | 20387.1437 |
| T11 | T21 | K1 | T12 | T22 | K2 | me | de | TOE | Jmin | ||
| Light Load | MFO | 2 | 0.353621 | 17.1851 | 0.896599 | 2 | 50 | 0.877263 | 0 | 21.1012 | 20634.638 |
| Pe1=Pe2=0.3 & | GWO | 1.99226 | 0.631084 | 20.0048 | 2 | 0.408557 | 7.68251 | 1 | 0.553048 | 19.8576 | 19744.427 |
| PSO | 1.99616 | 0.531169 | 17.1061 | 1.99706 | 0.376092 | 7.67036 | 0.93685 | 0.471697 | 22.568 | 19790.2423 | |
| AGWO | 2 | 0.814356 | 20.0335 | 0.223326 | 0.349201 | 0.145617 | 1 | 0.606624 | 20.511 | 19749.174 | |
| Qe1=Qe2=0.1 | AGWO-PSO | 1.91829 | 0.315199 | 16.476 | 2 | 0.367394 | 7.72613 | 0.759916 | 0 | 21.5609 | 19657.1023 |
| Nominal Load | MFO | 2 | 0.34587 | 6.5268 | 2 | 0.23173 | 4.0409 | 0.71636 | 1 | 25.2134 | 20069.6872 |
| Pe1=Pe2=0.8 & | GWO | 2 | 0.20802 | 4.8299 | 2 | 0.18249 | 4.344 | 1 | 0.00080834 | 21.9609 | 19897.141 |
| PSO | 2 | 0.34586 | 6.5267 | 2 | 0.23173 | 4.0409 | 0.71631 | 0.99996 | 23.2164 | 19918.5198 | |
| AGWO | 2 | 0.30786 | 5.9268 | 2 | 0.22043 | 2.9841 | 0.71539 | 1 | 20.9591 | 19457.3614 | |
| Qe1=Qe2=0.6 | AGWO-PSO | 2 | 0.21304 | 5.271 | 2 | 0.20313 | 5.4271 | 1 | 0 | 20.5927 | 19425.0108 |
| Heavy Load | MFO | 2 | 0.12956 | 3.698 | 2 | 0.1436 | 5.036 | 1 | 0 | 21.3626 | 20880.619 |
| Pe1=Pe2=1.3 & | GWO | 2 | 0.12949 | 3.7016 | 2 | 0.14394 | 5.0545 | 1 | 0.00074374 | 20.4907 | 20388.983 |
| PSO | 0.709342 | 0.168539 | 19.6737 | 0.69435 | 0.174195 | 19.1828 | 0.235767 | 0 | 22.1254 | 20396.0086 | |
| AGWO | 2 | 0.13122 | 3.7291 | 2 | 0.13306 | 4.9783 | 1 | 0 | 20.5043 | 20387.3276 | |
| Qe1=Qe2=1.0 | AGWO-PSO | 2 | 0.12329 | 3.5156 | 2 | 0.14564 | 5.9558 | 1 | 0 | 22.1768 | 20387.1437 |
Table 6.
System Eigenvalues & Damping ratios under various loading conditions with the proposed optimization algorithms
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