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Efficient numerical methods for gas network modeling and simulation
1. | School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, 201210, Shanghai, China |
2. | Computational Methods for Systems and Control Theory, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany |
3. | Faculty of Mathematics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 41, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany |
We study the modeling and simulation of gas pipeline networks, with a focus on fast numerical methods for the simulation of transient dynamics. The obtained mathematical model of the underlying network is represented by a system of nonlinear differential algebraic equations (DAEs). With our modeling approach, we reduce the number of algebraic constraints, which correspond to the $ (2,2) $ block in our semi-explicit DAE model, to the order of junction nodes in the network, where a junction node couples at least three pipelines. We can furthermore ensure that the $ (1, 1) $ block of all system matrices including the Jacobian is block lower triangular by using a specific ordering of the pipes of the network. We then exploit this structure to propose an efficient preconditioner for the fast simulation of the network. We test our numerical methods on benchmark problems of (well-)known gas networks and the numerical results show the efficiency of our methods.
References:
[1] |
N. Banagaaya, S. Grundel and P. Benner, Index-aware MOR for gas transport networks with many supply inputs, in IUTAM Symposium on Model Order Reduction of Coupled Systems (eds. J. Fehr and B. Haasdonk), Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020,191–207. Google Scholar |
[2] |
J. Bang-Jensen and G. Z. Gutin, Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications, Springer-Verlag, London, 2008.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-84800-998-1. |
[3] |
P. Benner, S. Grundel, C. Himpe, C. Huck, T. Streubel and C. Tischendorf, Gas network benchmark models, in Differential-Algebraic Equations Forum, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2018. |
[4] |
M. Benzi, G. H. Golub and J. Liesen,
Numerical solution of saddle point problems, Acta Numer., 14 (2005), 1-137.
doi: 10.1017/S0962492904000212. |
[5] |
A. Bermúdez, X. López and M. E. Vázquez-Cendón,
Finite volume methods for multi-component Euler equations with source terms, Comput. Fluids, 156 (2017), 113-134.
doi: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.07.004. |
[6] |
M. Chaczykowski,
Sensitivity of pipeline gas flow model to the selection of the equation of state, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 87 (2009), 1596-1603.
doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.008. |
[7] |
R. Dembo, S. Eisenstat and T. Steihaug,
Inexact Newton methods, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 19 (1982), 400-408.
doi: 10.1137/0719025. |
[8] |
H. Egger, A robust conservative mixed finite element method for isentropic compressible flow on pipe networks, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 40 (2018), A108–A129.
doi: 10.1137/16M1094373. |
[9] |
H. Egger, T. Kugler and N. Strogies, Parameter identification in a semilinear hyperbolic system, Inverse Probl., 33 (2017), 055022.
doi: 10.1088/1361-6420/aa648c. |
[10] |
H. Elman, D. Silvester and A. Wathen, Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers, Oxford University Press, New York, 2014.
doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199678792.001.0001.![]() ![]() |
[11] |
A. Fügenschuh, et al., Physical and technical fundamentals of gas networks, in Evaluating Gas Network Capacities Google Scholar |
[12] |
T. G. Grandón, H. Heitsch and R. Henrion,
A joint model of probabilistic/robust constraints for gas transport management in stationary networks, Comput. Manag. Sci., 14 (2017), 443-460.
doi: 10.1007/s10287-017-0284-7. |
[13] |
S. Grundel, N. Hornung, B. Klaassen, P. Benner and T. Clees, Computing surrogates for gas network simulation using model order reduction, in Surrogate-Based Modeling and Optimization
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7551-4_9. |
[14] |
S. Grundel, N. Hornung and S. Roggendorf, Numerical aspects of model order reduction for gas transportation networks, in Simulation-Driven Modeling and Optimization, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 153, 2016, 1–28. |
[15] |
S. Grundel and L. Jansen, Efficient simulation of transient gas networks using IMEX integration schemes and MOR methods, in 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 2015, 4579–4584.
doi: 10.1109/CDC.2015.7402934. |
[16] |
S. Grundel, L. Jansen, N. Hornung, T. Clees, C. Tischendorf and P. Benner, Model order reduction of differential algebraic equations arising from the simulation of gas transport networks, in Progress in Differential-Algebraic Equations, Differential-Algebraic Equations Forum, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014,183–205.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-34928-7_2. |
[17] |
M. Gugat, F. M. Hante, M. Hirsch-Dick and G. Leugering,
Stationary states in gas networks, Netw. Heterog. Media, 10 (2015), 295-320.
doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.295. |
[18] |
F. M. Hante, G. Leugering, A. Martin, L. Schewe and M. Schmidt, Challenges in Optimal Control Problems for Gas and Fluid Flow in Networks of Pipes and Canals: From Modeling to Industrial Applications, Springer Verlag, Singapore, 2017, 77–122. |
[19] |
A. Herrán-González, J. M. D. L. Cruz, B. D. Andrés-Toro and J. L. Risco-Martín, Modeling and simulation of a gas distribution pipeline network, Appl. Math. Model., 33 (2009), 1584-1600. Google Scholar |
[20] |
M. Herty,
Modeling, simulation and optimization of gas networks with compressors, Netw. Heterog. Media, 2 (2007), 81-97.
doi: 10.3934/nhm.2007.2.81. |
[21] |
M. Herty,
Coupling conditions for networked systems of Euler equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 30 (2008), 1596-1612.
doi: 10.1137/070688535. |
[22] |
M. Herty, J. Mohring and V. Sachers,
A new model for gas flow in pipe networks, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 33 (2010), 845-855.
doi: 10.1002/mma.1197. |
[23] |
C. Huck, L. Jansen and C. Tischendorf,
A topology based discretization of PDAEs describing water transportation networks, Proc. Appl. Math. Mech., 14 (2014), 923-924.
doi: 10.1002/pamm.201410442. |
[24] |
C. Johnson and J. Pitkäranta,
An analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for a scalar hyperbolic equation, Math. Comp., 46 (1986), 1-26.
doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1986-0815828-4. |
[25] |
C. Kelley, Solving Nonlinear Equations with Newton's Method, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2003.
doi: 10.1137/1.9780898718898. |
[26] |
A. Osiadacz,
Simulation of transient gas flows in networks, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 4 (1984), 13-24.
doi: 10.1002/fld.1650040103. |
[27] |
A. Osiadacz, Simulation and Analysis of Gas Networks, Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, 1987. Google Scholar |
[28] |
A. J. Osiadacz and M. Yedroudj,
A comparison of a finite element method and a finite difference method for transient simulation of a gas pipeline, Appl. Math. Model., 13 (1989), 79-85.
doi: 10.1016/0307-904X(89)90018-8. |
[29] |
J. W. Pearson,
On the development of parameter-robust preconditioners and commutator arguments for solving Stokes control problems, Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal., 44 (2015), 53-72.
|
[30] |
J. Pestana and A. J. Wathen,
Natural preconditioning and iterative methods for saddle point systems, SIAM Rev., 57 (2015), 71-91.
doi: 10.1137/130934921. |
[31] |
M. Porcelli, V. Simoncini and M. Tani, Preconditioning of active-set Newton methods for PDE-constrained optimal control problems, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 37 (2015), S472–S502.
doi: 10.1137/140975711. |
[32] |
Y. Qiu, Preconditioning Optimal Flow Control Problems Using Multilevel Sequentially Semiseparable Matrix Computations, Ph.D thesis, Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, 2015. Google Scholar |
[33] |
T. Rees, Preconditioning Iterative Methods for PDE-Constrained Optimization, Ph.D thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. Google Scholar |
[34] |
S. Roggendorf, Model Order Reduction for Linearized Systems Arising from the Simulation of Gas Transportation Networks, Master's thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany, 2015. Google Scholar |
[35] |
Y. Saad, Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2003.
doi: 10.1137/1.9780898718003. |
[36] |
P. Sonneveld and M. B. van Gijzen,
IDR(s): A family of simple and fast algorithms for solving large nonsymmetric systems of linear equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 31 (2008), 1035-1062.
doi: 10.1137/070685804. |
[37] |
M. C. Steinbach,
On PDE solution in transient optimization of gas networks, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 203 (2007), 345-361.
doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2006.04.018. |
[38] |
M. Stoll and T. Breiten, A low-rank in time approach to PDE-constrained optimization, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 37 (2015), B1–B29.
doi: 10.1137/130926365. |
[39] |
W. Q. Tao and H. C. Ti,
Transient analysis of gas pipeline network, Chem. Eng. J., 69 (1998), 47-52.
doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(97)00109-5. |
[40] |
E. F. Toro and S. J. Billett,
Centred TVD schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws, IMA J. Numer. Anal., 20 (2000), 47-79.
doi: 10.1093/imanum/20.1.47. |
[41] |
M. B. van Gijzen and P. Sonneveld, Algorithm 913: An elegant IDR(s) variant that efficiently exploits biorthogonality properties, ACM Trans. Math. Software, 38 (2011), 5: 1–5: 19.
doi: 10.1145/2049662.2049667. |
[42] |
A. J. Wathen,
Preconditioning, Acta Numer., 24 (2015), 329-376.
doi: 10.1017/S0962492915000021. |
[43] |
M. Wathen, C. Greif and D. Schötzau, Preconditioners for mixed finite element discretizations of incompressible MHD equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 39 (2017), A2993–A3013.
doi: 10.1137/16M1098991. |
[44] |
J. Zhou and M. A. Adewumi,
Simulation of transients in natural gas pipelines using hybrid TVD schemes, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 32 (2000), 407-437.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(20000229)32:4<407::AID-FLD945>3.0.CO;2-9. |
[45] |
A. Zlotnik, M. Chertkov and S. Backhaus, Optimal control of transient flow in natural gas networks, in 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 2015, 4563–4570.
doi: 10.1109/TCNS.2014.2367360. |
show all references
References:
[1] |
N. Banagaaya, S. Grundel and P. Benner, Index-aware MOR for gas transport networks with many supply inputs, in IUTAM Symposium on Model Order Reduction of Coupled Systems (eds. J. Fehr and B. Haasdonk), Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020,191–207. Google Scholar |
[2] |
J. Bang-Jensen and G. Z. Gutin, Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications, Springer-Verlag, London, 2008.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-84800-998-1. |
[3] |
P. Benner, S. Grundel, C. Himpe, C. Huck, T. Streubel and C. Tischendorf, Gas network benchmark models, in Differential-Algebraic Equations Forum, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2018. |
[4] |
M. Benzi, G. H. Golub and J. Liesen,
Numerical solution of saddle point problems, Acta Numer., 14 (2005), 1-137.
doi: 10.1017/S0962492904000212. |
[5] |
A. Bermúdez, X. López and M. E. Vázquez-Cendón,
Finite volume methods for multi-component Euler equations with source terms, Comput. Fluids, 156 (2017), 113-134.
doi: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.07.004. |
[6] |
M. Chaczykowski,
Sensitivity of pipeline gas flow model to the selection of the equation of state, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 87 (2009), 1596-1603.
doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.008. |
[7] |
R. Dembo, S. Eisenstat and T. Steihaug,
Inexact Newton methods, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 19 (1982), 400-408.
doi: 10.1137/0719025. |
[8] |
H. Egger, A robust conservative mixed finite element method for isentropic compressible flow on pipe networks, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 40 (2018), A108–A129.
doi: 10.1137/16M1094373. |
[9] |
H. Egger, T. Kugler and N. Strogies, Parameter identification in a semilinear hyperbolic system, Inverse Probl., 33 (2017), 055022.
doi: 10.1088/1361-6420/aa648c. |
[10] |
H. Elman, D. Silvester and A. Wathen, Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers, Oxford University Press, New York, 2014.
doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199678792.001.0001.![]() ![]() |
[11] |
A. Fügenschuh, et al., Physical and technical fundamentals of gas networks, in Evaluating Gas Network Capacities Google Scholar |
[12] |
T. G. Grandón, H. Heitsch and R. Henrion,
A joint model of probabilistic/robust constraints for gas transport management in stationary networks, Comput. Manag. Sci., 14 (2017), 443-460.
doi: 10.1007/s10287-017-0284-7. |
[13] |
S. Grundel, N. Hornung, B. Klaassen, P. Benner and T. Clees, Computing surrogates for gas network simulation using model order reduction, in Surrogate-Based Modeling and Optimization
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7551-4_9. |
[14] |
S. Grundel, N. Hornung and S. Roggendorf, Numerical aspects of model order reduction for gas transportation networks, in Simulation-Driven Modeling and Optimization, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 153, 2016, 1–28. |
[15] |
S. Grundel and L. Jansen, Efficient simulation of transient gas networks using IMEX integration schemes and MOR methods, in 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 2015, 4579–4584.
doi: 10.1109/CDC.2015.7402934. |
[16] |
S. Grundel, L. Jansen, N. Hornung, T. Clees, C. Tischendorf and P. Benner, Model order reduction of differential algebraic equations arising from the simulation of gas transport networks, in Progress in Differential-Algebraic Equations, Differential-Algebraic Equations Forum, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014,183–205.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-34928-7_2. |
[17] |
M. Gugat, F. M. Hante, M. Hirsch-Dick and G. Leugering,
Stationary states in gas networks, Netw. Heterog. Media, 10 (2015), 295-320.
doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.295. |
[18] |
F. M. Hante, G. Leugering, A. Martin, L. Schewe and M. Schmidt, Challenges in Optimal Control Problems for Gas and Fluid Flow in Networks of Pipes and Canals: From Modeling to Industrial Applications, Springer Verlag, Singapore, 2017, 77–122. |
[19] |
A. Herrán-González, J. M. D. L. Cruz, B. D. Andrés-Toro and J. L. Risco-Martín, Modeling and simulation of a gas distribution pipeline network, Appl. Math. Model., 33 (2009), 1584-1600. Google Scholar |
[20] |
M. Herty,
Modeling, simulation and optimization of gas networks with compressors, Netw. Heterog. Media, 2 (2007), 81-97.
doi: 10.3934/nhm.2007.2.81. |
[21] |
M. Herty,
Coupling conditions for networked systems of Euler equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 30 (2008), 1596-1612.
doi: 10.1137/070688535. |
[22] |
M. Herty, J. Mohring and V. Sachers,
A new model for gas flow in pipe networks, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 33 (2010), 845-855.
doi: 10.1002/mma.1197. |
[23] |
C. Huck, L. Jansen and C. Tischendorf,
A topology based discretization of PDAEs describing water transportation networks, Proc. Appl. Math. Mech., 14 (2014), 923-924.
doi: 10.1002/pamm.201410442. |
[24] |
C. Johnson and J. Pitkäranta,
An analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for a scalar hyperbolic equation, Math. Comp., 46 (1986), 1-26.
doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1986-0815828-4. |
[25] |
C. Kelley, Solving Nonlinear Equations with Newton's Method, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2003.
doi: 10.1137/1.9780898718898. |
[26] |
A. Osiadacz,
Simulation of transient gas flows in networks, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 4 (1984), 13-24.
doi: 10.1002/fld.1650040103. |
[27] |
A. Osiadacz, Simulation and Analysis of Gas Networks, Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, 1987. Google Scholar |
[28] |
A. J. Osiadacz and M. Yedroudj,
A comparison of a finite element method and a finite difference method for transient simulation of a gas pipeline, Appl. Math. Model., 13 (1989), 79-85.
doi: 10.1016/0307-904X(89)90018-8. |
[29] |
J. W. Pearson,
On the development of parameter-robust preconditioners and commutator arguments for solving Stokes control problems, Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal., 44 (2015), 53-72.
|
[30] |
J. Pestana and A. J. Wathen,
Natural preconditioning and iterative methods for saddle point systems, SIAM Rev., 57 (2015), 71-91.
doi: 10.1137/130934921. |
[31] |
M. Porcelli, V. Simoncini and M. Tani, Preconditioning of active-set Newton methods for PDE-constrained optimal control problems, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 37 (2015), S472–S502.
doi: 10.1137/140975711. |
[32] |
Y. Qiu, Preconditioning Optimal Flow Control Problems Using Multilevel Sequentially Semiseparable Matrix Computations, Ph.D thesis, Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, 2015. Google Scholar |
[33] |
T. Rees, Preconditioning Iterative Methods for PDE-Constrained Optimization, Ph.D thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. Google Scholar |
[34] |
S. Roggendorf, Model Order Reduction for Linearized Systems Arising from the Simulation of Gas Transportation Networks, Master's thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany, 2015. Google Scholar |
[35] |
Y. Saad, Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2003.
doi: 10.1137/1.9780898718003. |
[36] |
P. Sonneveld and M. B. van Gijzen,
IDR(s): A family of simple and fast algorithms for solving large nonsymmetric systems of linear equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 31 (2008), 1035-1062.
doi: 10.1137/070685804. |
[37] |
M. C. Steinbach,
On PDE solution in transient optimization of gas networks, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 203 (2007), 345-361.
doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2006.04.018. |
[38] |
M. Stoll and T. Breiten, A low-rank in time approach to PDE-constrained optimization, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 37 (2015), B1–B29.
doi: 10.1137/130926365. |
[39] |
W. Q. Tao and H. C. Ti,
Transient analysis of gas pipeline network, Chem. Eng. J., 69 (1998), 47-52.
doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(97)00109-5. |
[40] |
E. F. Toro and S. J. Billett,
Centred TVD schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws, IMA J. Numer. Anal., 20 (2000), 47-79.
doi: 10.1093/imanum/20.1.47. |
[41] |
M. B. van Gijzen and P. Sonneveld, Algorithm 913: An elegant IDR(s) variant that efficiently exploits biorthogonality properties, ACM Trans. Math. Software, 38 (2011), 5: 1–5: 19.
doi: 10.1145/2049662.2049667. |
[42] |
A. J. Wathen,
Preconditioning, Acta Numer., 24 (2015), 329-376.
doi: 10.1017/S0962492915000021. |
[43] |
M. Wathen, C. Greif and D. Schötzau, Preconditioners for mixed finite element discretizations of incompressible MHD equations, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 39 (2017), A2993–A3013.
doi: 10.1137/16M1098991. |
[44] |
J. Zhou and M. A. Adewumi,
Simulation of transients in natural gas pipelines using hybrid TVD schemes, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 32 (2000), 407-437.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(20000229)32:4<407::AID-FLD945>3.0.CO;2-9. |
[45] |
A. Zlotnik, M. Chertkov and S. Backhaus, Optimal control of transient flow in natural gas networks, in 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 2015, 4563–4570.
doi: 10.1109/TCNS.2014.2367360. |













Algorithm 1: Newton's method to solve (16) |
1: Input: maximal number of Newton steps 2: 3: while 4: Compute the Jacobian matrix 5: Solve 6: 7: end while 8: Output: solution |
Algorithm 1: Newton's method to solve (16) |
1: Input: maximal number of Newton steps 2: 3: while 4: Compute the Jacobian matrix 5: Solve 6: 7: end while 8: Output: solution |
with DF | without DF | ||
20 | 2.01e+05 | 8.75 | |
10 | 3.97e+05 | 19.14 | |
5 | 7.91e+05 | 41.75 | |
2.5 | 1.58e+06 | 87.77 |
with DF | without DF | ||
20 | 2.01e+05 | 8.75 | |
10 | 3.97e+05 | 19.14 | |
5 | 7.91e+05 | 41.75 | |
2.5 | 1.58e+06 | 87.77 |
Newton iter. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
FVM | 1.56e+07 | 1.57e+07 | 1.57e+07 | 1.57e+07 |
FDM | 1.24e+08 | 1.25e+08 | 1.25e+08 | 1.25e+08 |
Newton iter. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
FVM | 1.56e+07 | 1.57e+07 | 1.57e+07 | 1.57e+07 |
FDM | 1.24e+08 | 1.25e+08 | 1.25e+08 | 1.25e+08 |
IDR( |
backslash | |||
40 | 1.03e+05 | 0.25 | 0.13 | |
20 | 2.01e+05 | 0.52 | 0.36 | |
10 | 3.97e+05 | 1.06 | 1.18 | |
5 | 7.91e+05 | 2.13 | 1054.62 | |
2.5 | 1.58e+06 | 4.34 | - |
IDR( |
backslash | |||
40 | 1.03e+05 | 0.25 | 0.13 | |
20 | 2.01e+05 | 0.52 | 0.36 | |
10 | 3.97e+05 | 1.06 | 1.18 | |
5 | 7.91e+05 | 2.13 | 1054.62 | |
2.5 | 1.58e+06 | 4.34 | - |
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