On large potential perturbations of the Schr\"odinger, wave and Klein--Gordon equations

We prove a sharp resolvent estimate in scale invariant norms of Amgon--H\"{o}rmander type for a magnetic Schr\"{o}dinger operator on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, $n\ge3$\begin{equation*} L=-(\partial+iA)^{2}+V \end{equation*}with large potentials $A,V$ of almost critical decay and regularity. The estimate is applied to prove sharp smoothing and Strichartz estimates for the Schr\"{o}dinger, wave and Klein--Gordon flows associated to $L$.


Introduction
We consider a selfadjoint Schrödinger operator in L 2 (R n ), n ≥ 3, of the form where A = (A 1 , . . . , A n ) : R n → R n is the magnetic potential and V : R n → R the electric potential. In order to allow a unified treatment of the dispersive equations corresponding to L, we shall always assume L ≥ 0, although this assumption can be relaxed. We are interested in the dispersive properties for solutions of the equations i∂ t u + Lu = 0, ∂ 2 t u + Lu = 0, ∂ 2 t u + (L + 1)u = 0, (1.2) associated to the operator L. The critical behaviour for dispersion appears to be |A| |x| −1 , |V | |x| −2 , and one of our goals is to get as close as possible to this kind of singularity. All the results of the paper are valid under the following assumption (note however that weaker conditions are required in the course of the paper): Assumption (L). Let n ≥ 3. The operator L in (1.1) is selfadjoint in L 2 (R n ) with domain H 2 (R n ), non negative, 0 is not a resonance for L, and writing w(x) = log |x| µ x δ for some δ > 0, µ > 1, w(x)|x| 2 (V − i∂ · A) ∈ L ∞ , w(x)|x| B ∈ L ∞ , w(x)|x|A ∈ L ∞ ∩Ḣ 1/2 2n (1.3) where B k := n j=1 xj |x| (∂ j A k − ∂ k A j ) is the tangential component of the magnetic field. It is well known that a resonance at 0 is an obstruction to dispersion. The precise notion required here is the following: whileẎ * is the (pre)dual ofẎ ; note thatẎ * is an homogeneous version of the Agmon-Hörmander space B [2]. The last property in the statement is also called the limiting absorption principle for L. We think that an interesting contribution of the present paper is a conceptually simple proof of (1.5), based on a combination of the multiplier method (for large frequencies) and Fredholm theory (for small frequencies). With (1.5) at our disposal, the classical Kato's theory of smoothing operators gives with little effort several smothing estimates (also known as local energy decay) for the Schrödinger flow e itL . Kato's theory was extended in [12] to include the wave and Klein-Gordon equations. By combining these techniques, we obtain the following scaling invariant estimates: In theẎ L 2 t norm the order of integration is reversed, but one can easily write these estimates in a more standard (and actually equivalent) form in terms of L 2 weighted norms. Indeed, if ρ is any function such that j∈Z ρ 2 L ∞ (|x|∼2 j ) < ∞, we have ρ|x| −1/2 v L 2 v Ẏ , hence the smoothing estimates for Schrödinger can be written and similarly for the wave and Klein-Gordon equation. A typical example of such a weight is ρ = log |x| −ν for ν > 1/2. These smoothing estimates, together with the corresponding inhomogeneous ones, are proved in Section 5 and in particular Corollary 5.6, 5.8 and 5.9. Note that if we are in the Coulomb gauge ∂ · A = 0, the last condition in (1.3) is not necessary both for the smoothing estimates and the uniform resolvent estimate (1.5).
• The homogeneous Strichartz estimates are e −it∆ f L p t L q f L 2 , (p, q) Schrödinger admissible, and from this case all the other estimates can be recovered, by interpolating with the conservation of L 2 mass; actually, by real interpolation one obtains estimates in the L p t L q,2 norm for every admissible couple (p, q). A similar situation occurs at the (wave) endpoint (2, 2(n−1) n−3 ), in dimension n ≥ 4. Then in Section 6 we prove: and hence the full set of L p t L q estimates, for all Schrödinger admissible (p, q); moreover, for all non endpoint, wave admissible couple (p, q) we have and for all non endpoint, wave or Schrödinger admissible couple (p, q) we have These estimates and their nonhomogeneous versions are proved in Theorems 6.3, 6.5 and 6.6 in Section 6. Note that we prove the endpoint estimate for the Schrödinger equation, using a result for the unperturbed Schrödinger flow due to Ionescu and Kenig [25] (which can be refined to Lorentz spaces, as remarked in [34]). Remark 1.5. We compare our results with [19], where for the first time smoothing and Strichartz estimates were obtained for Schrödinger equations with large magnetic potentials, in any dimension n ≥ 3. The assumptions on the coefficients in [19] are These conditions are largely overlapping with (1.3); we require a stronger condition on B, which is defined as a combination of first derivatives of A, but on the other hand we can consider potentials A, V which are singular at the origin. Other improvements with respect to [19] are • the endpoint Strichartz estimate for Schrödinger; • sharp scaling invariant resolvent and smoothing estimates; • a unified treatment including wave and Klein-Gordon equations.
Last but not least, our proof is 'elementary', indeed we use only multiplier methods and Fredholm theory (and standard results from Calderón-Zygmund theory). The only nonelementary result we need is Koch and Tataru's [32] to exclude embedded eigenvalues for L. One can make the paper self-contained by assuming explicitly that no resonances exist in the spectrum of L. Note that under this additional assumption we can take δ = 0 in (1.3), since the additional decay is used mainly to handle possible embedded resonances (see Lemma 3.3). Note also that by a gauge transform it is possible to reduce to the case ∂ · A = 0 i.e. to the Coulomb gauge; see Remark 4.3, Corollary 4.6 and Corollary 6.4 for details. However,the quantity B is gauge invariant and the assumption on B can not be removed by a change of gauge.
We conclude with a short (and incomplete) summary of earlier results. The case of purely electric potentials A = 0 is well understood; the list of papers on this topic is long and here we mention only [27], [11], [7], [17], and the series by Yajima [42], [43], [3] (see also [13]) concerning L p boundedness of the scattering wave operator. In particular, [38] introduced the strategy of proof used here, based on Kato's theory (see also [27]).
The case of a small magnetic potential A was studied in [21], [39], [20], and in [14] where a comprehensive study was done on the main dispersive equations perturbed with a small magnetic and a large electric potential, including massive and massless Dirac systems, and [15]. See also [41] where the case of fully variable coefficients is considered.
Smoothing and Strichartz estimates for the Schrödinger equation with a large magnetic potential were proved in [19]- [18] (discussed above), and for the wave equation in [12], where the resolvent estimates of [19] were used.
Standard references for Strichartz estimates, at least for the Schrödinger and wave equations, are [22], [23] and [30]. The situation for the Klein-Gordon flow is complicated by the different scaling of D for small and large frequencies. A complete analysis was made in [33]; a proof for Schrödinger admissible (p, q) can be found in [14], while wave admissible points can be deduced from the precised dispersive estimate of [6]. Remark 1.6. By similar techniques it is possible to prove smoothing and Strichartz estimates also for Dirac systems. This will be part of the joint work [16], concerning the cubic Dirac equation perturbed by a large magnetic potential.

The resolvent estimate for large frequencies
We shall make constant use of the dyadic norms with obvious modification when p = ∞. More generally, we denote the mixed radial-angular L q L r norms on a spherical ring Clearly, when q = r we have simply v ℓ p L q L q = v ℓ p L q . With these notations, the Banach norms appearing in (1.5) can be equivalently defined as For large frequencies |ℜz| ≫ 1, we study the equation using a direct approach based on the Morawetz multiplier method. Here A(x) = (A 1 (x), . . . , A n (x)) : R n → R n , Z(x) = (Z 1 (x), . . . , Z n (x)) : R n → R n , V : R n → R, and we use the notations , Recall that, using the convention of implicit summation over repeated indices, and we call the matrix B the magnetic field associated to the potential A(x), and B the tangential part of the field. We prove the following result: Theorem 2.1 (Resolvent estimate for large frequencies). Let n ≥ 3. There exists a constant σ 0 depending only on n such that the following holds.
Assume v, f : Then the following estimate holds for all z as in with an implicit constant depending only on n.
Remark 2.2. Under a weak additional assumption on A, the norm ∂ A v Ẏ in (2.5) can be replaced by ∂v Ẏ , thanks to the following Lemma 2.3. Assume n ≥ 3 and A ∈ ℓ ∞ L n . Then the following estimate holds Proof. Let C j be the spherical shell 2 j ≤ |x| ≤ 2 j+1 and C j = C j−1 ∪ C j ∪ C j+1 . Let φ be a nonnegative cutoff function equal to 1 on C j and vanishing outside C j , and let φ j (x) = φ(2 −j x). Then we can write By Hölder's inequality and Sobolev embedding we have We expand the last term as We note that |∂φ j | 2 −j and we recall the pointwise diamagnetic inequality Summing up, we have proved Multiplying both sides by 2 −j/2 and taking the sup in j ∈ Z we get the claim.

Formal identities.
In the course of the proof we shall reserve the symbols λ = ℜz, ǫ = ℑz for the components of the frequency z = λ + iǫ in (2.3). We recall two formal identities which are a special case of the identities in [9] (see also [10]): for any real valued weigths φ(x), ψ(x), we have (using implicit summation) and where the quantities Q = (Q 1 , . . . , Q n ) and P = (P 1 , . . . , P n ) are defined by Both formulas are easily checked by expanding the terms in divergence form; they are actually Morawetz type identities corresponding to the two multipliers and φw.
If we write equation (2.3) in the form and we apply (2.7), (2.8), we obtain In the following we shall integrate these formulas on R n and use the fact that the boundary terms vanish after integration. This procedure can be justified in each case e.g. by approximating v with smooth compactly supported functions and then extending the resulting estimates by density. We omit the details which are standard.

Preliminary estimates.
Choosing φ = 1 in (2.8), substituting (2.9) and taking the imaginary part, we get ǫ|v| 2 = ℑ(gv) − ℑ∂ j {v ∂ A j v} and after integration on R n we obtain Taking instead the real part of the same identity (also with φ = 1) we obtain (2.12) In order to estimate the term I ǫ in (2.10) we use (2.11) and (2.12) as follows: with C = 2 ∂ψ L ∞ , then again by (2.11) ≤ C(´|gv|) 1/2 (|λ|´|gv| + |ǫ|´|gv|) 1/2 and we arrive at the estimate´I Another auxiliary estimate will cover the (easy) case of negative λ = −λ − ≤ 0. Write the real part of identity (2.8) in the form Integrating over R n and taking the supremum over R > 0 we obtain the estimate for the case of negative λ = −λ − ≤ 0 (2.14) 2.3. The main terms. In the following we assume |ǫ| ≤ 1 and λ ≥ 2. We choose in (2.10), for arbitrary R > 0, We have then Next we can write, since ψ is radial, and by Cauchy-Schwartz, for any δ > 0, Finally, since |∆ψ + φ| ≤ (n − 1)|x| −1 and |∂ψ| ≤ 1, we havé Summing up, by integrating identity (2.10) over R n and using estimates (2.13) (2.17), (2.18), (2.19) and (2.20) we obtain (recall that |∂ψ| ≤ 1; recall also that λ ≥ 2 and |ǫ| ≤ 1 so that where δ > 0 is arbitrary and the implicit constant depends only on n. Note now that if δ is chosen small enough with respect to n and we assume for a suitably large c(n), we can absorb two terms at the right and we get the estimate where c 0 ≥ 1 is a constant depending only on n.

Conclusion
. We now substitute in estimate (2.22) (see (2.9)). Consider the terms at the right in (2.22), recalling that We denote by γ, Γ the quantities Then we have In a similar way we have Recalling that c 0 ≥ 1 is the constant in (2.22), depending only on n, we require that (note that this implies also (2.21) and λ ≥ 2) and one checks that and plugging this into (2.22), and absorbing the first three terms at the right from the left side of the inequality, we conclude that with c 1 a constant depending only on n.
Note that for negative λ, starting from estimate (2.14) instead of (2.22) and applying the same argument, we obtain a similar estimate, provided λ satisfies (2.23). Since out assumptions imply |ǫ| ≤ |λ|, we see that the proof of Theorem 2.1 is concluded.

The resolvent estimate for small frequencies
We now consider the remaining case of small requencies; more precisely, we shall prove an estimate for all z which is uniform for z varying in any bounded region. Define an operator H as with W : R n → R, A : R n → R n , and assume that H is selfadjoint on L 2 (R n ; C N ). In order to estimate the resolvent operator of H we use the (Lippmann-Schwinger) formula expressing R(z) in terms of the free resolvent We recall a few, more or less standard, facts on the free resolvent R 0 (z). For z ∈ C \ [0, +∞), R 0 (z) is a holomorphic map with values in the space of bounded operators L 2 → H 2 and satisfies an estimate 3) with an implicit constant independent of z (sharp resolvent estimates can probably be traced back to [31]. A complete proof is given e.g. in [9]; actually (3.3) is a special case of the computations in the previous Section for zero potentials, in which case the proof given above works with no restriction on the frequency). When z approaches the spectrum of the Laplacian σ(−∆) = [0, +∞), it is possible to define two limit operators ǫ > 0, λ ≥ 0 but the two limits are different if λ > 0. These limits exist in the norm of bounded operators from the weighted L 2 for arbitrary s, s ′ > 1/2 (see [1]). Since these spaces are dense inẎ * anḋ Y (orẊ) respectively, and estimate (3.3) is uniform in z, one obtains that (3.3) is valid also for the limit operators R 0 (λ ± i0). In the following we shall write simply R 0 (z), z ∈ C ± , to denote either one of the extended operators R 0 (λ ± iǫ) with ǫ ≥ 0, defined on the closed upper (resp. lower) complex half-plane. Note also that the map z → R 0 (z) is continuous with respect to the operator norm of bounded operators L 2 s → H 2 −s ′ , for every s, s ′ > 1/2, and from this fact one easily obtains that it is also continuous with respect to the operator norm of bounded are uniformly bounded operators for all z ∈ C ± ; note also the formula Moreover, for any smooth cutoff φ ∈ C ∞ c (R n ) and all z ∈ C ± , the map z → φR 0 (z) is continuous w.r.to the norm of bounded operatorsẎ * → H 2 , and hence is a compact operator.
In order to invert the operator I − K(z) we shall apply Fredholm theory. The essential step is the following compactness result: Lemma 3.1. Let z ∈ C ± and assume W, A satisfy is a compact operator onẎ * , and the map z → K(z) is continuous with respect to the norm of bounded operators onẎ * .
Proof. We decompose K as follows. Let χ ∈ C ∞ c (R n ) be a cutoff function equal to 1 for |x| ≤ 1 and to 0 for |x| ≥ 2. Define for r > 2 so that χ r vanishes for |x| ≥ 2r and also for |x| ≤ 1/r, and equals 1 when 2/r ≤ |x| ≤ r. Then we split First we show that A r is a compact operator onẎ * . Indeed, for s > 2r > 4 we have χ r χ s = χ r and we can write By the estimate we see that multiplication by W + i(∂ · A) is a bounded operator fromẊ toẎ * . Moreover, multiplication by χ s is a bounded operator L ∞ |x| L 2 ω →Ẋ and the operator χ r R 0 :Ẏ * → L ∞ |x| L 2 ω is compact as remarked above. A similar argument applies to the second term in A r , using the estimate and compactness of χ r ∂R 0 :Ẏ * → L 2 . Summing up, we obtain that A r :Ẏ * →Ẏ * is a compact operator. Similarly, we see that z → A r (z) is continuous with respect to the norm of bounded operators onẎ * . Then to conclude the proof it is sufficient to show that B r → 0 in the norm of bounded operators onẎ * , uniformly in z, as r → ∞. We have, as in (3.5)-(3.6), We now study the injectivity of Proof. Let v = R 0 (z)f , fix a compactly supported smooth function χ which is equal to 1 for |x| ≤ 1, and for M > 1 consider The hard case is of course z ∈ σ(L). Then we have the following result, in which we write simply R 0 (λ) instead of R 0 (λ ± i0) since the computations for the two cases are identical. Note that this is the only step where we use the additional δ decay of the coefficients. Lemma 3.3. Assume W and A satisfy for some δ > 0 and Then in the case λ > 0 we have f = 0, while in the case λ = 0 we have |x| n/2 f ∈ L 2 and the function v = R 0 (0)f belongs to H 2 loc (R n \ 0) ∩Ẋ with ∂v ∈Ẏ , solves Lv = 0 and satisfies |x| Then given a radial function χ ≥ 0 to be precised later, we apply again identity (2.10) with the choices We integrate the identity on R n and, after straightforward computations (see Proposition 3.1 of [10] for a similar argument), we arrive at the following radiation estimate: where we denoted the "Sommerfeld" gradient of v with and the tangential component of ∂v with We now estimate the right hand side of (3.9). We have Since the quantities v Ẋ , ∂v Ẏ and ∂ S v Ẏ ≤ ∂v Ẏ + √ λ v Ẏ are all estimated by f Ẏ * (recall (3.3)), we conclude χ(x) = |x| δ with 0 < δ ≤ 1 by (3.9) and (3.10) we obtain, dropping a (nonnegative) term at the left, where by assumption Consider now the following identity, obtained using the divergence formula: for arbitrary R > 0. Substituting ∆v = −λv − g from (3.8) and dropping two pure imaginary terms, we get´| The last term can be written, again by the divergence formula, = 2´| x|≤R ∂ · (A|v| 2 ) = 2 j´|x|=R x j · A|v| 2 dσ, By assumption |A| |x| −1 , hence for some R 0 > 0 we have λ > 2|A(x)| for all |x| > R 0 , and the term in A can be absorbed at the left of the identity. Summing up, we have proved that Multiplying both sides by |x| δ−1 , integrating in the radial direction from R 0 to ∞, and using (3.11), we conclude In the case λ > 0 we have proved that |x| (δ−1)/2 v ∈ L 2 i.e., λ is a resonance, and this is enough to conclude that v = 0 by applying one of the available results on the absence of embedded eigenvalues. We shall apply the results from [32] which are partiularly sharp. We need to check the assumptions on the potentials required in [32]. The potential V in [32] is simply V = z in our case, which we are assuming real and > 0, thus condition A.1 is trivially satisfied. Concerning W we have W L n/2 ≤ |x| −2 ℓ ∞ L n/2 |x| 2 W ℓ n/2 L ∞ < ∞ by assumption, thus W ∈ L n/2 and condition A.2 in [32] is satisfied Concerning the potential Z in the notations of [32], which coincides with A here, we have A ℓ ∞ L n ≤ |x| −1 ℓ ∞ L n |x|A ℓ n L ∞ < ∞ thus A ∈ ℓ ∞ L n ; moreover a similar computation applied to 1 |x|>M A gives Thus to check that A satisfies condition A.3 in [32] it remains to check that the low frequency part S <R A of A satisfies A.2 for R large enough. S <R A is obviously smooth. Moreover, it is clear that |x|A → 0 as |x| → ∞; in order to prove the same decay property for S <R A we represent it as a convolution with a suitable Schwartz kernel φ The first integral is bounded by C k x −k for all k. For the second one we write We have thus proved that |x|S <R A → 0 as |x| → ∞ (for any fixed R) and hence A = Z satisfies condition A.3. Applying Theorem 8 of [32], we conclude that v = 0.
It remains to consider the case λ = 0. We denote byL 2 s the Hilbert space with norm v L2 s := |x| s v L 2 .
By the well known Stein-Weiss estimate for fractional integrals in weighted L p spaces, applied Recall also that R 0 (0) is bounded fromẎ * toẊ and ∂R 0 (0) is bounded fromẎ * toẎ . Moreover from the assumption on W, A it follows that the corresponding multiplication operators are bounded operators Conbining all the previous properties we deduce that (3.14) Since we know that f ∈Ẏ * and that f = K(0)f , applying (3.14) repeatedly, we obtain in a finite number of steps that f ∈L 2 n/2 , which in turn implies v = R 0 (0)f ∈L 2 s for all s < n 2 − 2 and ∂v = ∂R 0 (0)f ∈L 2 s for all s < n 2 − 1. The proof is concluded.
If K(z) is compact and I − K(z) is injective onẎ * (under suitable assumptions), it follows from Fredholm theory that (I − K(z)) −1 is a bounded operator for all z ∈ C. However we need a bound uniform in z, and to this end it is sufficient to prove that the map z → (I − K(z)) −1 is continuous. This follows from a general well known result which we reprove here for the benefit of the reader. Note that z → I − K(z) is trivially continuous (and holomorphic for z ∈ σ(H)).
Lemma 3.4. Let X 1 , X 2 be two Banach spaces, K j , K compact operators from X 1 to X 2 , and assume the sequence K j → K in the operator norm as j → ∞. If I − K j , I − K are invertible with bounded inverses, then (I − K j ) −1 → (I − K) −1 in the operator norm.
Proof. Let φ ∈ X 2 and let c j := (I − K j ) −1 φ X1 . If by contradiction c j → ∞, then defining The last identity can be written The first two terms at the right tend to 0, and the third one converges, by possibly passing to a subsequence, since K is compact; let ψ = lim Kψ j . By the previous identity we see that also ψ j converges to ψ so that ψ = 1 and ψ = Kψ, which contradicts the invertibility of I − K.
We have thus proved that, for any φ ∈ X 2 , the sequence χ j := (I − K j ) −1 φ is bounded in X 1 . Write this identity in the form and note as before that Kχ j is a relatively compact sequence; let χ be any one of its limit points. Letting j → ∞ we get χ = φ + Kχ, i.e., (I − K j ) −1 φ → (I − K) −1 φ. Applying the uniform boundedness principle we get the claim.
We finally sum up the previous results. We shall need to assume that 0 is not a resonance, in the sense of Definition 1.1. Note that in Lemma 3.3 we proved in particular that if f ∈Ẏ * satisfies f = K(0)f , then v = R 0 (0)f is a resonant state at 0. Theorem 3.5. Assume the operator H defined in (3.1) is non negative and selfadjoint on L 2 , with W and A satisfying (3.7) for some δ > 0. In addition, asssume that 0 is not a resonance for H, in the sense of Definition 1.1.
Then I − K(z) is a bounded invertible operator onẎ * , with (I − K(z)) −1 bounded uniformly for z in bounded subsets of C ± . Moreover, the resolvent operator R(z) = (H − z) −1 satisfies the estimate for all z ∈ C ± , where C(z) is a continuous function of z.
Proof. It is sufficient to combine Lemmas 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and apply Fredholm theory in conjuction with assumption (1.4), to prove the claims about I − K(z); note that (3.7) include the assumptions of Lemmas 3.1-3.4. Finally, using the representation (3.2) and the free estimate (3.3) we obtain (3.15).

The full resolvent estimate
In this Section and the following ones we shall freely use a few results from classical harmonic analysis, in particular the basic properties of Muckenhoupt classes A p and Lorentz spaces. For more details see e.g. [24], [26] and [40].
Consider the operator L defined by and the resolvent equation We put together the estimates of the previous Sections to obtain: Theorem 4.1 (Resolvent estimate). Let n ≥ 3. Assume the operator L defined in (4.1) is selfadjoint and non negative on L 2 (R n ), with domain H 2 (R n ). Assume V : R n → R and A : R n → R n satisfy for some δ > 0: , |x| x δ A and |x| x δ B belong to ℓ 1 L ∞ . Moreover, assume 0 is not a resonance for L, in the sense of Definition 1.1. Then for all z ∈ C ± with |ℑz| ≤ 1 the resolvent operator R(z) = (L − z) −1 satisfies the following estimate uniform in z: Proof. The proof is obtained by combining the estimates of Theorems 2.1 and 3.5. In order to apply Theorem 3.5, we write L in the form and we note that from |x| 2 V ∈ ℓ 1 L ∞ it follows that On the other hand, |x|V ′ r ∈ ℓ 1 L ∞ for any r. Thus if we choose W S = −V r , W L = −V ′ r for r sufficiently small, then (2.4) are satisfied. This proves (4.4) for all sufficiently large z belonging to the strip |ℑz| ≤ 1, with a constant independent of z, and the proof is concluded.
Then, interpolating the inequalities (4.7) for s = 1/2 ± ǫ with ǫ > 0 small, we obtain i.e., the Riesz operator is bounded onẎ . By duality, R is also bounded onẎ * . Exactly the same argument applies to the Calderón-Zygmund operators |D| iy , y ∈ R, which are defined via the formula |D| iy v := F −1 (|ξ| iy v(ξ)), thus we have for all y ∈ R with a norm growing polynomially in y ∈ R (like |y| n/2 at most). The same property holds for |D| iy :Ẏ * →Ẏ * . Now we can write, by (4.8) and (4.4), Thus |D|R(z) :Ẏ * →Ẏ is bounded, uniformly in z, and by duality the same holds for R(z)|D|. We now apply Stein-Weiss interpolation to the analytic family of operators Indeed, writing T iy = |D| −iy |D|R(z)|D| iy , T 1+iy = |D| −iy · R(z)|D| · |D| iy and using the previous steps, we see that T w :Ẏ * →Ẏ is a bounded operator for ℜw = 0 and ℜw = 1, uniformly in y = ℑw, which implies T w :Ẏ * →Ẏ is a bounded operator for all w in the strip. Taking w = 1/2 we prove the first part of (4.5). Consider now the second part of (4.5). Recalling that |x| −1 v Ẏ ≤ v Ẋ , from (4.4) we have in particular and hence by duality Interpolating between these estimates as in the first part of the proof, we obtain (4.5).
Remark 4.3. The weight x δ with δ > 0 in assumption (4.3) is required only to exclude resonances embedded or at the treshold, using Lemma 3.3. If we assume a priori the condition then Lemma 3.3 is no longer necessary and Theorem 4.1 holds with δ = 0.

Remark 4.4 (Gauge transformation). If we apply a change of gauge
the magnetic Laplacian transforms as follows: In particular, if we choose we see that we can gauge away the term ∂ · A with an appropriate choice of φ in Theorem 4.1, although the details require some work. Note also that the magnetic field B is gauge invariant, It will be useful to prepare estimates for the gauge transform in Sobolev spaces.
Proof. Let T v := e iφ(x) v be the multiplication operator. T is an isometry of L p into itself for all p ∈ [1, ∞]. Moreover ∞ v np n−p ,p + ∂v L p and by Sobolev embedding in Lorentz spaces v np n−p ,p v Ḣ1 p valid for 1 < p < n, we deduce that T is a bounded operator onḢ 1 p provided 1 < p < n. Thus by complex interpolation we obtain that T is bounded onḢ s p provided 1 < p < n/s, and since T −1 i.e. multiplication by e −iφ enjoys the same property, the first claim is proved. The second claim follows by duality.
We can now give a version of Theorem 4.1 improved with the use of the gauge transform, as mentioned in Remark 4.3: Corollary 4.6. Let n ≥ 3. Assume the operator L defined in (4.1) is selfadjoint and non negative on L 2 (R n ), with domain H 2 (R n ). Assume V : R n → R, A : R n → R n and φ : R n → R satisfy for some δ > 0 and |x| x δ (|A| + |∂φ| + |B|) belong to ℓ 1 L ∞ .
The first term is bounded byẎ * thanks to the estimate for R(z). For the second term, we note that the assumptions on φ imply |∂φ| |x| −1 and hence we can write and the proof of (4.4) for R(z) is concluded. The second estimate (4.5) is proved by duality and interpolation as in the proof of Corollary 4.2.

Smoothing estimates
Using the Kato smoothing theory, the resolvent estimates of the previos section can be convterted into estimates for the time-dependent Schrödinger flow with little effort. The theory was initiated in [28] and took the final fomr in [29] (see also [37], [35]); it was further expanded in [12] to include in the general theory also the wave and Klein-Gordon flows. Here we follow the formulation 1 of [12].
Let H, H 1 be two Hilbert spaces and H a selfadjoint operator in H. Denote with R(z) = (H − z) −1 the resolvent operator of H, and with ℑR(z) = 2 −1 (R(z) − R(z) * ) its imaginary part. (i) H-smooth, with constant a, if ∃ǫ 0 such that for every ǫ, λ ∈ R with 0 < |ǫ| < ǫ 0 the following uniform bound holds: The following result is proved in Lemma 3.6 and Theorem 5.1 of [28] (see also Theorem XIII.25 in [37]). Here L 2 H denotes the space of L 2 functions on R with values in H: H-smooth with constant a if and only if, for any v ∈ H, one has e −itH v ∈ D(A) for almost every t and the following estimate holds:

Theorem 5.2. Let A : H → H 1 be a closed operator with dense domain D(A). Then A is
Thus H-smoothness is equivalent to the smoothing estimate (5.3) for the homogeneous flow e −itH . In a similar way, H-supersmoothness is equivalent to a nonhomogeneous estimate: The extension to the wave and Klein-Gordon groups is the following: 12]). Let ν ∈ R with H + ν ≥ 0 and let P be the orthogonal projection onto ker(H + ν) ⊥ . Assume A and A(H + ν) − 1 4 P are closed operators with dense domain from H to In particular, we have the estimate In particular, we have the estimate for any step function h : R → D((H + ν) − 1 4 P A * ).
We can now recast the resolvent estimates of Corollary 4.2 in the framework of the Kato-Yajima theory: are L-supersmooth (and hence L-smooth), with a constant of the form C ρ 2 ℓ 2 L ∞ . If in addition |x|∂ρ ∈ ℓ 2 L ∞ , then the operator |D| 1/2 ρ|x| −1/2 is also L-supersmooth, with a constant C |ρ| + |x||∂ρ| 2 ℓ 2 L ∞ . Proof. Note that Thus we have, by (4.5), The proof for ρ(x)|x| −1/2 |D| 1/2 is similar. For the last operator, we first note that for any y ∈ R The first term at the right can be bounded by theẎ norm and hence by f Ẏ * thanks to (4.4). The second term is bounded by and hence again by f Ẏ * , using the inequality |x| −1 v Ẏ ≤ v Ẋ and again (4.4). In conclusion we have where C is independent of z or y. By duality the same holds for the operatpr ρ|x| −1/2 R(z)|x| −1/2 ρ|D| 1+iy .

Hence we can apply Stein-Weiss interpolation to the analytic family of operators
with w in the complex strip 0 ≤ ℜw ≤ 1, as in the proof of Corollary 4.2. Taking w = 1/2 we conclude the proof.
We note that the previous smoothing estimates can be put into a scale invariant (but equivalent) form. Indeed, one has the equivalence v Ẏ = sup which is obtained choosing ρ = 1 Cj with C j = {x : 2 j ≤ |x| < 2 j+1 } and taking the supremum over j ∈ Z. Thus we obtain the follwing result:

Strichartz estimates
We first prove a simple extension to Lorentz spaces of the Muckenhoupt-Wheeden weighted fractional integration estimate. In the course of the proof of Strichartz estimates we shall actually need only (6.1) and (6.3), but we included the next two Lemmas to give a simple alternative proof of the Hörmander-Plancherel identities in the Appendix of [19], which were crucial to their result. Lemma 6.1 (Weighted Sobolev embedding). For all 1 < p ≤ q < ∞ the following inequality holds: for all weights v ∈ A 2− 1 p ∩ RH q or, equivalently, such that v q ∈ A 1+ q p ′ . More generally, for any r ∈ [1, ∞] and p, q, α as above we have the inequality in weeighted Lorentz norms vg L q,r ≤ C v|D| α g L p,r (6.2) provided the weight v satisfies v q+ǫ ∈ A 1+ q p ′ −ǫ for some ǫ > 0. Proof. Estimate (6.1) for v ∈ A 2− 1 p ∩ RH q is due to Muckenhoupt and Wheeden [36] (see also [4]). The equivalent condition on the weight is easy to check, see e.g. [26]. To prove the last statement, fix δ > 0 sufficiently small and write and similarly for q ± . Then (6.1) holds for the couples (p + , q + ) and (p − , q − ) with α unchanged, and hence by real interpolation we get (6.2), provided the weight v satisfies thanks to the inclusion properties of A p classes. Lemma 6.2. Let σ ∈ L 1 loc (R n ) be such that σ 2 ∈ A 2 and |∂σ −1 | σ −1 |x| −1 . Then the following operator is bounded on L 2 : If in addition σ −n−ǫ ∈ A 1+ n n−2 −ǫ for some ǫ > 0 then the following operator is also bounded on Proof. We prove (6.4) first. Consider the analytic family of operators For z = iy, y ∈ R, we have where we used the well-known fact that |D| iy is bounded in weighted L 2 if the weight is in A 2 ; note also that the implicit constant grows at most polynomially in y (actually |y| n/2 , see e.g. [8]). On the other hand, for z = 1 + iy, y ∈ R we can write Since σ −2 ∈ A 2 , we have On the other hand, using (6.2) with the choice q = 2n n−2 , p = r = 2 and α = 1, provided σ −n−ǫ ∈ A 1+ n n−2 −ǫ . By Stein-Weiss interpolation we obtain that U z is bounded in L 2 for all values in the strip, and this gives the claim taking z = 1/2.
Consider now the operator (6.3), or equivalently its adjoint, which we denote also by To prove that T is bounded on L 2 , we use the analytic family of operators for w in the complex strip 0 ≤ ℜw ≤ 1. The operator U iy = σ|D| iy σ −1 for y ∈ R is bounded on L 2 with a growth at most polynomial in |y| as |y| → ∞, provided σ ∈ A 2 . On the otner hand, for w = 1 + iy we can write and if we have the property |∂σ −1 | σ −1 |x| −1 (6.5) we can continue by Hardy's inequality; again, the implicit constant grows at most polynomially in y. By Stein-Weiss complex interpolation we deduce the estimate To handle endpoint Strichartz estimates we resort to a mixed endpoint Strichartz-smoothing estimate for the free flow, due to Ionescu and Kenig [25]: where the norm at the right are L 1 with respect to one of the coordinates and L 2 with respect to the remaining coordinates. By an easy modification of the argument in [25], as observed by Mizutani [34] one can refine (6.6) to an estimate in the Lorentz norm L 2 * ,2 moreover, if w > 0 is such that w 2 ∈ A 2 (R n ) and there exists C such that´w −2 dx j < C for j = 1, . . . , n (uniformly in the remaining variables), then we have by the usual weighted estimates for singular integrals. Thus (6.6) implies the estimate for any weight w as above.
Then the Schrödinger flow e itL satisfies the endpoint Strichartz estimate and the corresponding estimates in L p t L q for all Schrödinger admissible (p, q); and the nonhomogeneous estimates for all Schrödinger admissible couples (p, q) and ( p, q) such that p < p ′ .
Proof. Since the assumptions of Corollary 4.6 are satisfied, the smoothing estimates (5.7) and (5.10) are valid. The flow u = e itL f is the solution of By Duhamel's formula we can represent u in the form We compute the L 2 t L 2 * ,2 norm of u. To the first term in (6.13) we apply (1.6). For the remaining terms we use (6.8) and we are led to estimate where σ is any weight on R n such that 14) The quantity I can be estimated via the weighted Sobolev embeddings (6.1): with the choices α = 1/2, p = 2n n+1 and q = r = 2 we obtain n −ǫ (6.16) for some ǫ > 0 small. Then we have, by Hölder inequaity, in the last step we used the smoothing estimate (5.7).
The full range of indices (p, q) is obtained immediately by interpolation with the conservation of L 2 mass, and the nonhomogeneous estimate (6.12) is proved by a standard application of the T T * method and the Christ-Kiselev Lemma, which is possible as long as p ′ < p.
By a gauge transformation we obtain the following slightly more general result: Corollary 6.4. Let n ≥ 3 and φ : R n → R such that ∂φ ∈ L n,∞ . Assume the operator L defined in (4.1) is selfadjoint and non negative in L 2 (R n ), with domain H 2 (R n ). Assume V : R n → R and A : R n → R n satisfy for some δ > 0 and µ > 1 By assumption, V and A satisfy the conditions of Theorem 6.3 hence Strichartz estimates are valid for u. Since Lebesgue and Lorentz norms of u and u coincide, the proof is concluded. for any wave admissible, non endpoint couples (p, q) and ( p, q).
Proof. When φ = 0, as in the previous proof, we perform a gauge transform u = e iφ u; note that by Lemma 4.5 the transformation u → u is bounded onḢ s p and onḢ −s p ′ for p < n/s, s ∈ [0, 1] since ∂φ ∈ L n,∞ . Thus it is sufficient to prove the Strichartz estimates for u. In the following we shall write A = A + ∂φ, but we shall omit for simplicity the tilde from u and from L = −∆ A + V . Note that the wave flow satisfies the smoothing estimates (5.12) and (5.15).
Then we repeat exactly the same steps as in the estimate of the term I in the proof of Theorem 6.3 (with σ = ρ −1 |x| 1/2 ), and we arrive at ρ|x| −1/2 |D| 1/2 u L 2 using (5.12). Summing up, we have proved the first estimate in (6.19).
The proof of the second estimate in (6.19) is completely identical: indeed, it is sufficient to notice that u = sin(t √ L)L −1/2 solves The proof of the nonhomogeneous estimate (6.20) follows as usual by a T T * argument and the Christ-Kiselev Lemma (since p ′ < 2 < p).
for any wave or Schrödinger admissible, non endpoint couples (p, q) and ( p, q).
Proof. The proof is almost identical to the proof of Theorem 6.5, and is based on the estimate which holds both if the couple (p, q) is wave admissible and if it is Schrödinger admissible. A complete proof for Schrödinger admissible (p, q) can be found e.g. in the Appendix of [14], while for wave admissible indices the proof is obtained starting from the estimate (see [6]) and then applying the usual Ginibre-Velo procedure.