# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

ISSN:
1531-3492

eISSN:
1553-524X

All Issues

## Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B

Open Access Articles

2022 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2022015 +[Abstract](297) +[HTML](131) +[PDF](450.04KB)
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The current paper provides a qualitative study of a diffusive predator-prey system with a hunting-cooperation functional response under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. The considered functional response explains a behavioral mechanism in which predators search for and hunt their prey cooperatively. We investigate the global attractor for nonnegative time-dependent solutions to the system and the nonpersistence leading to the extinction of the predator species in the system. Moreover, we study the local stability at all feasible nonnegative constant steady states and the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation (i.e., the existence of time-periodic orbits) in the system. Finally, we study the existence and nonexistence of nonconstant positive steady states in the system, and the limiting behavior of the positive steady states according to the diffusion rate. Through this study, we observe interesting results, such as bistability, extinction of the predator species induced by a large consumption rate, and stationary patterns in the system with hunting cooperation in predators.

2021, 26(11): 5925-5940 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021145 +[Abstract](913) +[HTML](323) +[PDF](674.49KB)
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This paper rigorously examines the (in)stability of limit cycles generated by Hopf bifurcations in a medium-term Keynesian model. The bifurcation equation of the model is derived and the conditions for stable and unstable limit cycles are presented. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the analytical results.

2021, 26(11): 5999-6015 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021143 +[Abstract](737) +[HTML](414) +[PDF](960.49KB)
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This paper analyses a three-country, fixed exchange rates Kaldorian nonlinear macroeconomic model of business cycles. The countries are connected through international trade, and international capital movement with imperfect capital mobility. Our model is a continuous time version of the discrete time three-country Kaldorian model of Inaba and Asada [22]. Their paper provided numerical studies of the dynamics of the three countries under fixed exchange rates. This paper provides analytical examinations of the local stability of the model´s equilibria, and of the existence of business cycles. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations.

2021, 26(4): i-ii doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021071 +[Abstract](1050) +[HTML](371) +[PDF](83.14KB)
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2021, 26(1): i-ii doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020372 +[Abstract](1421) +[HTML](491) +[PDF](85.05KB)
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2021, 26(1): 191-216 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020263 +[Abstract](1414) +[HTML](495) +[PDF](5405.39KB)
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A discrete delay is included to model the time between the capture of the prey and its conversion to viable biomass in the simplest classical Gause type predator-prey model that has equilibrium dynamics without delay. As the delay increases from zero, the coexistence equilibrium undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, two saddle-node bifurcations of limit cycles, and a cascade of period doublings, eventually leading to chaos. The resulting periodic orbits and the strange attractor resemble their counterparts for the Mackey-Glass equation. Due to the global stability of the system without delay, this complicated dynamics can be solely attributed to the introduction of the delay. Since many models include predator-prey like interactions as submodels, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding the implications of overlooking delay in such models on the reliability of the model-based predictions, especially since temperature is known to have an effect on the length of certain delays.

2020, 25(10): i-ii doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020265 +[Abstract](1257) +[HTML](612) +[PDF](78.88KB)
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2020, 25(9): 3677-3714 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020086 +[Abstract](1637) +[HTML](656) +[PDF](970.2KB)
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We establish a framework to investigate approximate synchronization of coupled systems under general coupling schemes. The units comprising the coupled systems may be nonidentical and the coupling functions are nonlinear with delays. Both delay-dependent and delay-independent criteria for approximate synchronization are derived, based on an approach termed sequential contracting. It is explored and elucidated that the synchronization error, the distance between the asymptotic state and the synchronous set, decreases with decreasing difference between subsystems, difference between the row sums of connection matrix, and difference of coupling time delays between different units. This error vanishes when these factors decay to zero, and approximate synchronization becomes identical synchronization for the coupled system comprising identical subsystems and connection matrix with identical row sums, and with identical coupling delays. The application of the present theory to nonlinearly coupled heterogeneous FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons is illustrated. We extend the analysis to study approximate synchronization and asymptotic synchronization for coupled Lorenz systems and show that for some coupling schemes, the synchronization error decreases as the coupling strength increases, whereas in another case, the error remains at a substantial level for large coupling strength.

2020, 25(9): 3725-3747 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020088 +[Abstract](1427) +[HTML](602) +[PDF](1964.9KB)
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We recently derived a method, local orthogonal rectification (LOR), that provides a natural and useful geometric frame for analyzing dynamics relative to a base curve in the phase plane for two-dimensional systems of ODEs (Letson and Rubin, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 2018). This work extends LOR to apply to any embedded base manifold in a system of ODEs of arbitrary dimension and establishes a corresponding system of LOR equations for analyzing dynamics within the LOR frame, which maps naturally back to the original phase space. The LOR equations encode geometric properties of the underlying flow and remain valid, in general, beyond a local neighborhood of the embedded manifold. In addition to developing a general theory for LOR that makes use of a given normal frame, we show how to construct a normal frame that conveniently simplifies the computations involved in LOR. Finally, we illustrate the utility of LOR by showing that a blow-up transformation on the LOR equations provides a useful decomposition for studying trajectories' behavior relative to the embedded base manifold and by using LOR to identify canard behavior near a fold of a critical manifold in a two-timescale system.

2020, 25(6): i-ii doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020125 +[Abstract](2446) +[HTML](565) +[PDF](81.19KB)
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2020, 25(2): i-iv doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019269 +[Abstract](1837) +[HTML](819) +[PDF](88.82KB)
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2019, 24(11): 6091-6139 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019132 +[Abstract](2064) +[HTML](323) +[PDF](1758.9KB)
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The Max-Cut problem is a well known combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper we describe a fast approximation method. Given a graph \begin{document}$G$\end{document}, we want to find a cut whose size is maximal among all possible cuts. A cut is a partition of the vertex set of \begin{document}$G$\end{document} into two disjoint subsets. For an unweighted graph, the size of the cut is the number of edges that have one vertex on either side of the partition; we also consider a weighted version of the problem where each edge contributes a nonnegative weight to the cut.

We introduce the signless Ginzburg–Landau functional and prove that this functional \begin{document}$\Gamma$\end{document}-converges to a Max-Cut objective functional. We approximately minimize this functional using a graph based signless Merriman–Bence–Osher (MBO) scheme, which uses a signless Laplacian. We derive a Lyapunov functional for the iterations of our signless MBO scheme. We show experimentally that on some classes of graphs the resulting algorithm produces more accurate maximum cut approximations than the current state-of-the-art approximation algorithm. One of our methods of minimizing the functional results in an algorithm with a time complexity of \begin{document}$\mathcal{O}(|E|)$\end{document}, where \begin{document}$|E|$\end{document} is the total number of edges on \begin{document}$G$\end{document}.

2019, 24(8): i-ii doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019184 +[Abstract](2148) +[HTML](652) +[PDF](95.7KB)
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2019, 24(5): i-ii doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.201905i +[Abstract](2243) +[HTML](604) +[PDF](440.81KB)
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2019, 24(5): 2293-2313 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019096 +[Abstract](3236) +[HTML](923) +[PDF](471.3KB)
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We give answer to an open question by proving a sufficient optimality condition for state-linear optimal control problems with time delays in state and control variables. In the proof of our main result, we transform a delayed state-linear optimal control problem to an equivalent non-delayed problem. This allows us to use a well-known theorem that ensures a sufficient optimality condition for non-delayed state-linear optimal control problems. An example is given in order to illustrate the obtained result.

2019, 24(5): 2365-2381 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019099 +[Abstract](3234) +[HTML](903) +[PDF](440.63KB)
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We consider a generational and continuous-time two-phase model of the cell cycle. The first model is given by a stochastic operator, and the second by a piecewise deterministic Markov process. In the second case we also introduce a stochastic semigroup which describes the evolution of densities of the process. We study long-time behaviour of these models. In particular we prove theorems on asymptotic stability and sweeping. We also show the relations between both models.

2019, 24(3): i-v doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.20193i +[Abstract](3296) +[HTML](443) +[PDF](112.13KB)
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2019, 24(1): i-i doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.201901i +[Abstract](1750) +[HTML](584) +[PDF](81.02KB)
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2018, 23(8): 3387-3413 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018239 +[Abstract](4509) +[HTML](1214) +[PDF](1087.46KB)
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death from infectious disease. TB is caused mainly by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis which often initiates in the respiratory tract. The interaction of macrophages and T cells plays an important role in the immune response during TB infection. Recent experimental results support that active TB infection may be induced by the dysfunction of Treg cell regulation that provides a balance between anti-TB T cell responses and pathology. To better understand the dynamics of TB infection and Treg cell regulation, we build a mathematical model using a system of differential equations that qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes the dynamics of macrophages, Th1 and Treg cells during TB infection. For sufficiently analyzing the interaction between immune response and bacterial infection, we separate our model into several simple subsystems for further steady state and stability studies. Using this system, we explore the conditions of parameters for three situations, recovery, latent disease and active disease, during TB infection. Our numerical simulations support that Th1 cells and Treg cells play critical roles in TB infection: Th1 cells inhibit the number of infected macrophages to reduce the chance of active disease; Treg cell regulation reduces the immune response to stabilize the dynamics of the system.

2018, 23(7): i-i doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.201807i +[Abstract](3407) +[HTML](345) +[PDF](92.02KB)
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2021 Impact Factor: 1.497
5 Year Impact Factor: 1.527
2021 CiteScore: 2.3